Introduction to Your Thesis or Dissertation

Prologue to Your Thesis or Dissertation Presentation As you are taking a shot at the presentation, ensure it contains some required segments. Put things in place: You should present the general subject of your exploration, your examination issue, and its significance to the peruser. Exploration foundation: Here you will join the discoveries of the most huge investigations that identify with your concern or point. Hole in research. Here you will demonstrate where you see the hole in experimental or hypothetical writing. Along these lines you will have the option to legitimize the significance of your examination. Study reason: Outline the reason and objectives of your investigation. You might need to incorporate the inquiries or theories you are going to test. It is conceivable that your examination addresses will be founded on outside references. Framework the key parts of your investigation. You can utilize one or a few expressions included beneath to make your presentation increasingly bright. Putting things in place: Scientists are progressively intrigued by X. The previous years saw a flood in enthusiasm toward X. The developing assemblage of writing proposes that specialists are worried about X. Various strategies and structures were utilized to contemplate X in the previous twenty years. Scientists were amped up for finding X. Examination foundation: Prior examinations have shown†¦ Previously, scientists proposed that†¦ An ongoing report affirmed that†¦ Hole in research: Only a couple of studies were finished to†¦ Unfortunately, prior examinations have neglected to address†¦ The issue X remains for the most part underexplored†¦ Study Purpose: The reason for this work is†¦ This theory is proposed to explain the accompanying issues†¦ The point of this paper is to†¦ Diagram: The proposition incorporates the accompanying sectionsChapter gives a review of the strategies used to test the proposed speculations Tip: As you are gathering proof, it is never past the point where it is possible to offer comments and survey the wording utilized by different analysts in their examinations. Utilize the most intriguing articulations to make your paper all the more fascinating to your peruser!

The Role of Founding Fathers in American Society and Religion

The discussions of whether confidence gatherings and organizations should/ought not be permitted to effectively partake in the continuous development of the America’s open circle keep on strongly affecting the real factors of a contemporary living in this country.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Role of Founding Fathers in American Society and Religion explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the primary parts of these discussions is that, while endeavoring to advance their perspective on the concerned topic, the defenders of both oppositely inverse methodologies regularly make references to what used to be the assessments of the Founding Fathers, in this regard. Therefore, Founding Fathers are by and large frequently viewed as both: the adversaries of the possibility that religion ought to be consolidated into the country’s open life, as its vital part, and this idea’s advocates. This, obviously, contributes consid erably to the way that, starting today, American residents remain somewhat separated in their conclusions with regards to what sort of a job should religion play in the general public. In any case, while enjoying the prior referenced discussions, the defenders of the two methodologies appear to stay uninformed that, over the span of the only remaining century, the American culture has experienced a sensational change. This is the reason, starting today, the legitimacy of the Founding Fathers’ bits of knowledge, with respect to the issue of religion, can't be examined outside of what represents the subjective parts of the time of post-advancement. In this paper, I will investigate the legitimacy of the above-proposal finally, while contending that the established rule of the partition among Church and State remains altogether legitimate and that the alleged ‘people of faith’ will be vastly improved off not intruding in the country’s open issues. The princip le contention, to which strict Americans allude, while attempting to demonstrate the authenticity of their case that they ought to be permitted to apply a solid effect on the procedure of a political/social dynamic in America, is that the First Amendment to the U.S.Advertising Looking for paper on history? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Constitution unmistakably entitles Americans with the option to rehearse their strict convictions unreservedly, â€Å"Congress will make no law regarding a foundation of religion, or precluding the free exercise thereof†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (First Amendment, 2013, para. 1). A similar Amendment likewise ensures that, paying little heed to what happened to be the points of interest of people’s strict alliance, they won't be oppressed. Another regular contention, presented by strict residents, with regards to their case that they reserve the privilege to impact the government’s working, i s that at first, the mind greater part of early American pilgrims comprised of book of scriptures pounding Protestants. Indeed, even most of generously disapproved of Founding Fathers and most unmistakable American educated people, subsidiary with them, were officially strict. For instance, as Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur called attention to, â€Å"As Christians†¦ our musings are left to God† (1781, para. 7). All things considered, it regularly skirts the strict people’s consideration that back in the beginning of America, the proportion of one’s strict unwaveringness used to be viewed as intelligent of the degree of their existential enterprising nature. The explanation behind this is straightforward †Protestants don't generally require God as their definitive promoter, but instead as some inaccessible position that doesn't intercede in their lives effectively. This is the motivation behind why Protestants accept that it is the point at which they ar e by and large completely confident that makes God to adore them †consequently, permitting devotees to appreciate a budgetary flourishing. This clarifies why, instead of what it is being the situation with Catholics, who will in general depend on ‘God’s graces’, while managing life-challenges, numerous Protestants discover it mentally appalling to try and pester God with extreme petitions. As per Emerson, â€Å"Prayer looks abroad and requests some remote expansion to get through some outside goodness, and loses itself in unlimited labyrinths of normal and otherworldly, and mediatorial and miraculous† (1841, para. 42). Along these lines, it gives the idea that even the America’s early erudite people, whose compositions contributed gigantically towards setting this nation on the way of a quick socio-social and mechanical turn of events, didn't have any hallucinations concerning the counter-recipient substance of the strict believers’ esse ntial action †a prayer.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Role of Founding Fathers in American Society and Religion explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the recently cited article, de Crevecoeur proposed that, â€Å"The prizes of his (American citizen’s) industry follow with equivalent advances the advancement of his work; his work is established based on nature, SELF-INTEREST†¦ Religion requests however little of him; a little intentional compensation to the minister†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (para. 4). In this way, there can be just a couple of questions that, even as right on time as over the span of the eighteenth century, the American culture had been now true secularized. This just couldn't be something else, in light of the fact that as sociologists are as a rule very much aware of, the genuine quality of people’s feeling of strictness contrarily identifies with the nature of their expectations for everyday comforts. In pl ain words †the more agreeable happened to be one’s life, the more uncertain the individual in question would think about on the issue of holiness, and the other way around. Since, after having shown up to the New World, European pioneers understood that the entire unexplored and asset rich mainland was available to them, there is nothing too odd about the way that, when contrasted with the expectations for everyday comforts in Europe, the expectations for everyday comforts in America were a lot higher †even as far back as a couple of hundreds of years prior. In this manner, in opposition to what the country’s strict residents accept, the America’s enormity has been foreordained by the target laws of history, which have nothing to do with the idea of a strict confidence. Similar laws assumed the possible development of the hypothesis of a ‘social contract’ (at first enunciated by John Locke), which even today stays a digressive establishmen t, whereupon the America’s persistent thriving immovably rests. As per the theory’s principal arrangement, all the residents are totally equivalent, in the social feeling of this word, â€Å"Creatures of similar species and rank, indiscriminately destined to no different points of interest of nature, and the utilization of similar resources, ought to likewise be equivalent one among another without subjection or subjection† (Locke, 1689, daddy. 2).Advertising Searching for article on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Clearly, as they were turning out to be perpetually mentally edified, it was just normal for Americans to go to the possible acknowledgment of the way that there can be no method of reasoning in furnishing a portion of the society’s individuals with uncommon rights and benefits while denying a similar chance to other people. However, it is explicitly the strict people’s faith in their ‘specialness’, which comprises their fundamental mental attribute, as people †this is particularly being the situation with the associates of monotheistic religions, for example, Christianity, Judaism and Islam. For instance, even today it speaks to an ordinary among strict Jews and fundamentalist Christians to consider themselves ‘chosen people’, who can legitimize even the most awful conduct, on the part, by saying ‘God wills it’. What it implies is that people’s option to appreciate the opportunity of strict articulation and their entit lement to take a functioning part in the society’s working are commonly inconsistent. The purpose behind this is basic †the society’s consistent steadiness is guaranteed by people’s eagerness to go into ‘social contracts’ with one another, which thus surmises a specific level of a scholarly adaptability, on their part. Be that as it may, as we understand, unequivocally strict individuals can be alluded to as anything besides mentally adaptable. Accordingly, subsequent to hosting been permitted to frame political gatherings, as the piece of exploiting their naturally ensured rights, strict people will definitely fret about attempting to restrict the privileges of others. The recommendation that confidence gatherings ought to be in the situation of affecting the administration/society will likewise show up desultorily conflicting, when we think about the subjective elements inside the American culture. All things considered, it doesn't represent any mystery that, starting today, this general public is turning out to be progressively multicultural †the procedure that has direct ramifications, with respect to how the society’s individuals approach rehearsing their religions, in light of the fact that one’s feeling of strictness can't be examined outside for what represents the concerned individual’s ethno-social connection. For instance, most of rehearsing Christians in the U.S. are Whites. This mostly clarifies why, regardless of the reality numerous American Christians remain altogether persuaded that they demonstration in accurate understanding with how Jesus might want them to, this is a long way from being the genuine case †the hereditarily foreordained functions of the White people’s attitude cause their strict longings to be counterfeit to a degree. This is exa

Expanding Business to Singapore Research Proposal - 1

Extending Business to Singapore - Research Proposal Example As of now the patterns of business tasks the executives have obviously tilted stressing over contemporary propelled factors that remembers center for globalization, effective on time creation, flexibly chain adequacy, imaginative methods for item advancement, client arranged modified creation, authority development by worker strengthening and moral consideration with ecological well disposed activities. Singapore, that was a principle focal point of the examination proposition is a satisfactory decision for global business extension on the grounds of ideal highlights of small scale condition. The reason for this exploration proposition is to adjust the data and casual qualities for organization extension under a characterized methodology to concoct the best outcomes as far as benefit and supportability. Consequently, it tends to be expressed that an effective tasks the board can be accomplished through endeavors to upgrade the capability of an association through remarkable presentat ion in every one of the business work. The scientist gives PEST Analysis on the subject of Aspects of Macro Environment just as the examination of Strategic administration and corporate open undertakings. In this way, the activities the board of late occasions can be acclaimed undeniably additionally testing as a result of cutting edge innovation of building, money, advertising and data framework technique. Likewise, the adjustments have additionally enhanced business supportability by methods for critical component, for example, scope quantification and anticipating.

10 Practical Tips for Writing a Successful Research Paper

10 Practical Tips for Writing a Successful Research Paper You are finally done with your survey or experiment. It is time to put your findings together as a research paper, and it is not an easy part. These tips will help you navigate the way. Craft a Catchy Heading Think of the heading that will make the tutor curious to read your paper. Follow the Proper Structure Unless explicitly prescribed otherwise, you need to have Introduction, Method/Methodology, Findings/Results, and Conclusion/Recommendations as the main sections. Briefly explain your topic and rationale in the Introduction. Describe how exactly you conducted the research in Methodology. Report what you have found in Results. Summarise the key insights and provide recommendations in Conclusion. Leave the Introduction until the end It will be much easier to write after you complete the rest of your paper. Outline Before You Start Writing Think of the main points you want to include in each section. Write them down as notes, e. g.: Regression model 34% variance explained Significant factors: leadership style After you outline all the points, develop them into full sentences and paragraphs. This technique is easier than writing in complete sentences from the start. Outlining will also prevent you from getting bogged down in detail and losing focus. Be Analytical Explain what others can make of your findings and how they fit with other literature on the subject: This relationship suggests that companies need to invest into effective leadership to improve staff morale†¦ Contradictory to Briggs (2018), this work established†¦    Be Critical Acknowledge the limitations of your study, and those of the other works you discuss. Limitations may include small sample size, non-random sampling, and incompleteness of data, e.g. some potentially influential factors were left out. Explain how these affect the interpretation of findings: The explained variance was only 34%, which means that over half of the difference between high and low performers should be attributed to other factors than examined.    Use Visuals Present your findings as figures, diagrams, and tables whenever possible. Visuals are easier to interpret than plain text; relying on them will enhance your presentation and probably win you a few extra points. Construct Effective Paragraphs State your main idea in the first sentence. Then, support it with bits of evidence from the literature or your own primary research. At the end, include a wrap-up sentence stating the practical implications or limitations. Avoid Plagiarism Attribute any words or ideas of other people to the source, regardless of whether you cite them directly or paraphrase. Double-check not only the referencing style required by your university (i.e. Harvard, Chicago, APA, etc.), but also the needed edition of the referencing rules. Make It Shine Around 10% of the mark is awarded for presentation; so, leave enough time for polishing the structure, style, and appearance of your research paper. Make sure that the numbering is correct, and you have no hanging lines or unintended blank spaces. Tables should not be split between pages. If a table is too large to fit into one, better put it in the Appendices. The attention to detail is key to producing a winning research paper. Organising and presenting your findings are no less important than the research itself; so, make sure you get them right.

Dress Codes And The School System - 959 Words

Several altercations have occurred in today’s decade with dress codes in schools. Girls are being called out of the classroom in the middle of a lesson and even slut shammed by teachers and administration. Dress codes have gone from a way to keep children safe from gang-related violence and bullying from peers, to sexist comments and unfair punishments. Even though dress codes provide structure in schools, dress codes can provoke sexism and cause low self-esteem. Fashion changes every decade along with the idea of what is acceptable in society. Even though today’s fashion is a slightly more revealing, it still is no reason for the undeniable slut shamming that is taking place in elementary and high schools. School is an institution for educating children. A person’s brain does not fully finish developing until mid-twenties, and this is why kids embrace some the most influential lessons in the school system. However, there is a detrimental message being sent home with young girls everyday. According to TIME, girls are covering themselves to be protected from the looks and comments of the male. Also, Laura Bates explains that in the school system today, adolescent girls are being taught that their bodies are dangerous, and boys have the right to objectify and harass them. â€Å"We have received thousands of testimonies from girls who have complained about being verbally harassed, touched, groped, chased, followed, licked, and assaulted at school, only to be told: â€Å"he just likesShow MoreRelatedDress Codes In the School System Essays1399 Words   |  6 PagesDress codes have long been the subject of debate in our educational institutions for many years. Administrators have struggled to find effective ways to deal with discipline problems. The introduction of dress codes has been a common intervention in our educational system to help decrease the number of disciplinary issues that are dealt with on a daily basis. Topics such as gang act ivity, bullying, increasing violence and Freedom of Expression have been thrown into the discussion, causing controversyRead MoreSchool Dress Code And Anti Dress Codes Essay855 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected by dress codes for many years. Others, for better or for worse, never had to deal with them. It has been debated for years between parents, students, and school systems alike as to whether or not dress codes are appropriate to enforce. This essay will summarize, make an argument, and analyze Krystal Miller’s article on this subject, titled, â€Å"School Dress Codes†. â€Å"School Dress Codes† is a 1990 article about the issues surrounding various city’s experiences with enforcing a school dress codeRead MoreArgument Against School Uniforms Should Not Be Banned1556 Words   |  7 PagesArgument Against School Uniforms My disagreement against school dress code is that public schools should not make the student go to school uniforms. Students should be able to wear any appropriate clothing they want to wear. School uniforms are not the way to be unsuccessful in education. School uniforms are a waste of time to have in a public school system. Teachers should make the students go home and change into school appropriate clothes. Public schools should give students a chance on what theyRead MoreSchool Dress Code Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesDress Code: The Restriction of Expression Approximately 64% of the United States public education system requires a strict dress code. How does the dress code affect the students and how does it benefit them? Do the students have a say in this dress code policy? Do they have a fair vote on how dress code violations should be addressed? So many questions on how the students defend their rights in the public-school system, yet they cannot have the opportunity to have their opinions heard. Dress codeRead MoreDress Code in High School Essay568 Words   |  3 Pagesway teens dress has become a daily argument in homes and schools. Many issues have gone all the way US Supreme Court. More than half of the country’s schools have some form of dress code, but there is no gold standard of what to wear in high school. Its a controversy over constitutional rights, gender, and politics. The pros and cons of dress code in schools have many people on the fence of whether or not to agree. Safety, discipline, and bullying are big reasons for dress codes in high schoolRead MoreStudent Dress Code Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesA popular debate topic in today’s school system is the concept of student dress codes. The idea of a school dress code tends to mainly target female entire however, males are still affected by it. Girls, no matter what their age or where they are from, are being sexualized for wearing clothing that doesn’t cover their shoulders. People are accusing young females of wearing â€Å"distracting† outfits, which is jeopardizing their male classmate’s education. Not only is this shaming girls, but it is alsoRead MoreDress Codes Are Dangerous, Powerful, And Sexualized1539 Words   |  7 PagesDress codes teach children that girls’ bodies are dangerous, powerful, and sexualized. However, boys are biologically programmed to objectify and harass them. That is perfectly okay in society’s eye. It is a 99oF day. A girl goes to school with no air conditioning. She wears a racerback style tank top and shorts that reaches her mid-thigh. She is pulled out of class by her teacher to change into something more suitable for school. She says she does not have any other clothes. She is forced to changeRead MoreSchools Are For Learning, Not Fashion Essay556 Words   |  3 PagesI thought school was for learning; not for a fashion show. A dress code should be required in all public schools to promote better student behavior, decrease costs to parents and increase school safety by eliminating gang-related clothing. A uniform dress code would curve discipline problems and distractions while improving overall student behavior. By requiring students to adhere to a dress code, learning will be enhanced. For this purpose, a dress code will implement discipline toward learningRead MoreThe Importance Of School Dress Codes1132 Words   |  5 Pages Every school has a dress code in their extensive school handbook. There are mountains upon mountains of dress code lists that go on and on forever, and many people are wondering why. Many schools believe that school dress codes help the environment of the school. That is why there are so many more dress codes pertaining to girls than to boys, just what OCR thinks as well by stating a dress code, â€Å"Shorts too short. Shoulder straps on her top too thin. Skirt exposing too much skin above her kneesRead MoreSchool Uniform Policies Around The World905 Words   |  4 Pages High school students are seen walking down their school’s hallways wearing baggy sweat pants, tight revealing clothing, or outrageous piercings and hair colors. Would you feel confiden t in your student’s principle wore fitted tank tops and joggers whenever he or she pleased? Approximately one in five schools enforce a dress code, becoming common in America in the mid-1990s (â€Å"School Uniforms.†). Regulating what is acceptable for students to wear is a growing issue, because of the new society based

The Cold War And The Pre Wwi Conditions - 1591 Words

To comprehend the significance of Balance of Power, we ought to make the inquiry of what we see by `power’. Although it’s hard to characterize or quota it, power is the capacity to â€Å"do something or act in a particular way† or even Nye (2009:65) contends â€Å"the ability to achieve one’s purposes or goals.† At the end of the day, the possibility to impact other individuals to do what you need them to do. As several academics would approve that balance of power can scarcely have an accurate meaning. In the nineteenth-century, British open-minded Richard Codden gave a convincing definition which expresses that balance of power is â€Å"a chimera – an undescribed, indescribable, incomprehensible nothing†. Although, this essay will attempt to comprehend, investigate and discriminatingly examine the way of this idea utilizing two examples from the late 19th and 20th century, i.e. the Cold War and the pre-WWI conditions. In any case, the 19th century was checked by stability and nonattendance of fighting because of the longing to make equilibrium, peace and oblige worldwide roughness after the last thrashing of Napoleon I in 1815. In order to create a genuine balance of power, this was attained using an alternate rule going for peace – the concert of Europe. As Sheehan (1996:122) contends ‘the concert system was not a development of balance practice but rather represented a quite different approach to international security’. Moreover, Fay (referred to in Sheehan 1966:122) states that ‘TheShow MoreRelatedDid the Treaty of Versailles Promote Hitler to Power846 Words   |  4 Pages In the words of John Green, â€Å"The truth resists simplicity†. Assigning the blame of WWII to the Treaty of Versailles is far too simple of an explanation. The Treaty of Versailles, which ended WWI while sanctioning and punishing Germany, forced Germany to pay reparations. These reparatio ns are said to have caused economic challenges in Germany, which allowed Hitler to take control on nationalist fervor. Thus, the story goes, that the Treaty of Versailles made Hitler’s rise to power, and his startingRead MoreRussia s Public And Secret Actions1457 Words   |  6 Pagesbrink of global war, and on two occasions these global crises led to terrible world wars. The First World War, was called the Great War, because there had never been a war that was so terrifying, or encompassing. The Second World War, was worse in comparison, but both started from very small incidents that cascaded into enormous conflicts that engulfed most of the world’s countries. Today we can look to Russia and their actions in Eastern Europe as the next inclinations of a global war. Several aspectsRead MoreWorld War II ( 1939 )1486 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II (1939 – 1945) was the second global conflict of the 20th century, which resulted in the deaths of millions. The d evastating war was, like its precursor, the result of complex and historical political, economic and social tensions. It was the largest armed conflict in history, and desolated more civilians than ever before. Consequently, it shaped and determined the outcome of the modern world as we know it. Focusing on Germany, it is clear how their post-WWI treatment led to the birthRead MoreContexts of Metropolis and 19841295 Words   |  6 Pagesof mutinies and strikes especially from the army who were weakened from war with Germany and did not feel like they had the capacity to shut down the outbreak Socialists had support from lower classes and political left with the Provisional Government holding state power leading to a period of dual power ensuing World War I Germany had to pay off large amounts of reparations money and debt as a result of its defeat in WWI Workers suffered as the ones who had to labour hard to keep Germany fromRead MoreEssay on Global History from the 15th Century2523 Words   |  11 PagesEurope and the United States, whose purpose was to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted science and intellectual interchange and opposed superstition, intolerance and abuses by church and state. European states ended the Thirty Years’ War with the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which laid the foundations for a system of independent, competing states. They also mutually recognized their rights to organize their domestic and religious affairs and agreed that political and diplomatic affairsRead MoreThe Advantages of Conscription1719 Words   |  7 Pagesprepares to go to war, they are faced with the dilemma of ensuring that they have a sufficient number of trained army personnel to carry out any missions they feel are necessary. The problem that sometimes arises is that the military finds itself understaffed, while already on the eve of war. This results in a scramble to recruit and train battle ready men, while using the small amount of soldiers already trained. In describing the United States military condition on the eve of the War with Mexico,Read MoreReid E Becketts Explaination of His War Experiences in a Letter to Leila McGee2254 Words   |  10 Pagespostcard, addressed to Leila McGee of Kemptville, Ontario. Signed â€Å"R.E.B.†, Private Reid Edison Beckett, was a member of the of the 11th Reserve Battalion from the time of his enlistment in September 24, 1914 until the end of the first World War. 1 Before the Great War, Beckett’s military service began with the 56th Lesgar Rifles based in Ottawa.2 Between his service with the 56th Rifles and his enlistment in the 1914, Beckett married and worked as a carpenter in the town of Oxford in Leeds and GrenvilleRead MoreDiscussion on Whether Stalin Was a Necessary Evil Essay2325 Words   |  10 Pagespeasants, and capitalism was in its infancy. Lenin realised that in order to bring about revolution Marxism would have to be adopted to suit these conditions. Lenin developed the argument that the economic resources that imperialism provided were used to buy off workers in capitalist countries by improving working and living conditions. This made workers less revolutionary, as the system did not appear to be treating them badly. His view of the dictatorship of the ProletariatRead MoreMarine Corps History Essay3249 Words   |  13 PagesNicholas. The 1783 Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War and as the last of the Navys ships were sold, the Continental Navy and Marines disbanded. Following the formal re-establishment of the Marine Corps on July 11, 1798, Marines fought in conflicts with France, landed in Santo Domingo and conducted operations against the Barbary pirates along the Shores of Tripoli. Marines participated in numerous operations during the War of 1812, including the defense of Washington at BladensburgRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pages The Laws of War and Neutrality 24 CHAPTER 7: War Crimes and Nuremberg Principle 28 CHAPTER 12: Nuclear Weapons: Deployment, Targeting and Deterrence 33 CHAPTER 13: Arms Control in the Nuclear Age 36 Chapter 14: Measures to Reduce Tensions and Prevent War 41 CHAPTER 16: The Law of the Sea 43 CHAPTER 17: The Constitutional Framework for the Division of Nat’l Security Powers Between Congress, the President and the Court 48 The 1973 War Powers Resolution 49 II. The War Powers Resolution:

Introduction to Ethics and Business Law Free-Samples for Students

Questions 1.Was it a term of the contract between Mikaela and Tower Flours that the almond flour would be gluten free? (5 marks) 2.Was there an implied term in Dan and Jacobs contract with Mikaela, that their wedding cake would be gluten-free? (3.Was the icing colour a condition or a warranty of the contract? (3 marks) 4.Is Mikaela still responsible for the icing being the wrong colour on Kimikos cake? Answers: 1.In the present case there is a lady namely Mikaela running a cake shop. She sources her ingredients from a shop i.e. Tower Flours. The shop owner in the case of Tower Flours is Ricky. Prior to placing an order from the shop, Mikaela asked from Ricky as to whether the flour they sell is free from gluten. She made this enquiry with the thought process that flour containing gluten might harm the customers health. In the present case the customers Dan and Jacob had ordered for almond flour cake and they had specifically made no request for the ingredients to be gluten free. From the present case it can be inferred that an online contract has been entered between Mikaela, the owner of the cake shop and Ricky, the owner of Tower Flours. However it can be understood that the terms of the contract had not been expressly mentioned in the online contract[1]. Whatever discussion and agreement had been done included the terms which were not specifically mentioned in the online contract. Hence it is essential to mention the terms and conditions in a written manner because in case there is a breach of any term or condition it can be easily contested in the court for redress. Hence there seems to be absence of an express contract. The terms have been agreed upon in an implied manner[2]. The online contract has no clear mention of the facts that the cake delivered does not contain any gluten. However it was clearly discussed in an oral manner that the almond flour that would be used for making the cake would be gluten free. The rules of commercial contracts suggest that an agreement entered between two parties must contain terms and conditions in an explicit written manner[3]. As per the common law of Australia, it is imperative that some of the important terms and conditions of a contract should be expressly mentioned. 2.In the present case there is a wedding for which a cake has been ordered. The bride and groom in this case are Dan and Jacob respectively. Herein Dan and Jacob had order a cake which had to be made from almond flour. However they had not expressly mentioned that the cake should not contain any gluten. It has been seen that Dan suffers from coeliac disease and has a severe reaction after the consumption of the cake. The order given in this case was only for a cake made out of almond flour. There was no clear instruction suggesting that the cake should be free from gluten. Thus it can be inferred that there was no implied term present which suggested that cake must be devoid of gluten. However the Australian Consumer law is applicable nationally. There are certain terms which are not mentioned clearly in a contract[4]. They can be inferred only through the intent and conduct of the parties to the contract. For example, any company has their own confidentiality policy. Thus if a staff discloses any confidential information out of the organisation, he will be held for causing breach. Usually terms are decided by parties to the contract. However rules and provisions of the consumer can imply certain terms into the contract. As per the consumer law, it is the duty of the seller to ensure that the goods sold to the customer are of high quality and does not cause any harm or damage to the customer. It is upon the court to take into consideration the existing situation[5]. On the basis of the situation the court can decide as to which term is to be considered or not to be considered to address the breach. Thus in the present case Dan and Jacob can use the provisions of th e consumer protection law to sue Mikaela for the breach of contract. However in the present case Mikaela can claim defence that she had no knowledge of the cake containing gluten. She can claim breach of contract and counter sue Ricky for not complying with the terms and conditions. She can take recourse of the provisions of the consumer laws of Australia for holding Ricky liable. She might face issues of proving the fact there was a discussion pertaining to the need of the cake being gluten free. She can take recourse of the provisions of Misrepresentation Act 1972 for her claim[6]. 3.In the present situation there is another contract entered between Kimiko, a customer and Mikaela, the owner of the cake shop. Under the case scenario, Kimiko has set certain terms and conditions prior to placement of an order. She had stated that she wanted a chocolate cake containing purple and blue icing. The purpose of the cake was for a sports function. There was a sign displayed earlier by Mikaela on the wall near the counter where it was mentioned that the organisation does not take responsibility for a warranty breach. On the delivery of the cake it was discovered by Kimiko that icing colour on the cake was green and blue. This was contrary to what Kimiko had ordered. Hence it clearly depicts the breach of a condition. It was expressly mentioned by Kimiko that there should be two characteristic of the cake. One that the cake had to be a round chocolate cake and the cake needed to have purple and blue icing[7]. The purpose of having a blue and purple icing was of significant essence as it would serve a specific purpose. Thus the negligent act on the part of Mikaela has led to a breach of condition. Kimiko is entitled to repudiate the entire contract and claim for damages. Mikaela cannot claim that the icing colour was a warranty. 4.During the order being placed, it was specifically mentioned by Kimiko that the cake should be round and be of chocolate flavour. She was very specific about the colour of the icing of being purple and blue. She was very specific about the icing as it would serve a certain purpose. Any contract is comprised of two very important terms namely conditions and warranties. Conditions are those important terms of a contract which if breached entitle the innocent party to exercise certain powers[8]. Hence the innocent party can either cancel the contract or ask the defaulting party to pay damages for the loss or breach of condition. Conditions are classified as a pre condition and subsequent condition. In both the cases they are treated as condition as a whole. In the present case the scenario suggest that the requirement set by Kimiko is a pre condition. The concept of condition can be described with an example. Suppose there is a term that a buyer of a property is entitled to vacant possession it refers to a condition. If the seller is unable to provide vacant possession, the buyer is entitled to repudiate the contract as well as claim for damages. These remedies are usually clearly mentioned in the contract[9]. The procedure that could be suggested to Kimiko is that she should first provide a notice to Mikaela citing that the breach should be made right within a specific time period. If the notice is not complied with, Kimiko can take further recourse. In case Kimiko cancels the contract due to the breach of the condition, she will be entitled to get back any advance money provided by her to Mikaela for the p reparation of the cake. References J. W Carter,Contract Law In Australia(LexisNexis Butterworths, 1st ed, 2013). J. W Carter,Cases And Materials On Contract Law In Australia(LexisNexis Butterworths, 1st ed, 2012). Eugene Clark et al,Contract Law In Australia(Kluwer Law International, 1st ed, 2013). Justin Malbon and Luke Nottage,Consumer Law Policy In Australia New Zealand(Federation Press, 1st ed, 2013). David Echeverry Botero, "Contract Interpretation Law In Australia: It Is A Maze, Not A Straight Way" (2015) 2IUSTA. Greg Marston and Tamara Walsh, "A Case Of Misrepresentation" (2008) 17Griffith Law Review. Charles E Chadman,The Elements Of The Law Of Sales Of Personal Property And Equity Or Chancery Jurisprudence(Bridge Publishing Group LLC, 1st ed, 2009). J. W Carter,Carter's Breach Of Contract(LexisNexis Butterworths, 1st ed, 2011). Neil Andrews,Contractual Duties(Sweet Maxwell, 1st ed, 2011).