Gideon v. Wainwright Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gideon v. Wainwright - Case Study Example In Betts v. Brandy, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), the court modified this doctrine slightly, ruling, â€Å"that whether or not a lawyer was required would depend on the circumstances of whether a lack of representation affected a denial of due process, rendering the trial unfair. Due to the difficulty of proving the high standard of a due process violation, nearly all such cases involved the death penalty. This view had not changed by the late 1960’s. Today when an individual is apprehended by the police, he is informed of his constitutional rights; through being Mirandized, wherein he is informed that he is entitled to have representation and that if he can not afford an attorney, one will be appointed for him. In 1961 Clarence Earl Gideon had been charged with burglary for breaking into a pool hall in Panama City Bay County, Florida and taking money from the vending machines. He appeared in court too poor to afford counsel, whereupon the following conversation took place: The Court: Mr. Gideon, I am sorry, but I can not appoint counsel to represent you in this case. Under the laws of the state of Florida, the only time the court can appoint counsel to represent a defendant is when the person is charged with a 2 capital offence. I am sorry, but I will have to deny your request to appoint counsel to defend you in this case.... penitentiary. From his prison cell and making ample use of the prison library, Gideon appealed to the United States Supreme Court based on the fact that he had been denied counsel and therefore his fourteenth Amendment rights had been violated without due process of law. Mr. Gideon brought habeas corpus proceedings against the Director of the Division of Corrections. The Florida Supreme Court, 135 So 2 d 746, denied all relief, and Mr. Gideon brought certiorari. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari to review judgment of the Florida Supreme Court denying habeas corpus on the ground that indigent defendant in criminal prosecution in state court has no right to have counsel appointed for him (372 U.S. 335) Mr. Justice Black held that the sixth Amendment to the federal constitution providing that in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to assistance of counsel for his defense is made obligatory on the states by the3 fourteenth amendment, and that an indigent defendant in a criminal prosecution in a state court has the right to have counsel appointed too him. Like Gideon, Betts sought release be habeas corpus, alleging that he had been denied the right to assistance of counsel in violation of the fourteenth amendment, Betts was denied any relief, and on review this court affirmed. It was held that a refusal to appoint counsel for an indigent defendant charged with a felony did not necessarily violate the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment,

The Fall Of Rome Essay Example for Free

The Fall Of Rome Essay During period of government of Diocletian, Roman Empire gains more and more features of Western despotism. In order to strengthen the government, to regulate management of provinces Diocletian (284-303) makes complex of reforms: Administrative – he divides empire into Western and Eastern (final division in year 395); territory of Empire is divided into 10 dioceses (120 provinces); Tax – instead of indirect taxes (which were quite numerous and badly-collected) he promotes the one land- poll-tax in money or natural form (corn, wine, etc); Financial – he starts promotion of valuable golden coin (together with silver and copper, which were already in use); Military – he divides the army into internal armies, border armies and praetorian guards; increases quantity of army for 1/3; provides recruitment; increases the army at account of barbarians. Such reforms although couldn’t stop collapse of â€Å"colossus with clay legs†, which the Roman Empire became in 4-5 centuries, but slowed down its collapse for 1.5 centuries more. Army, officialdom and Christian church (Christianity becomes the government religion in the 4th century) – these are three foundations for Roman Empire of those years. In 476 the chief of German mercenaries uncrowns the last emperor Romulus Augustulus (The Collapse’ Chronology). Title of emperor and the very Empire finishes its existence. The reasons of fall of Rome were as follows: Increase of centrifugal tendencies in provinces; crisis of slave-holding way of manufacturing; appearance of elements of feudal society (colonate); Barbarian invasion (Germans, Hunnes, etc); the government changed into giant mechanism which exhausted their nationals, which often met Barbarians not as invaders, but as liberators; Period of antiquity finished; ‘medium evum’ the new à ©poque in the history of mankind started. What were opinions of historians and other prominent people for fall of Rome? Montesquieu saw the main reason of fall in collapse of Roman military valour and simplicity, which was the result of conquest of Rome rich Western countries. The prominent English historian Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) wrote a work â€Å"History of collapse and destruction of Roman Empire† which has became a classical work. He considers that the Roman Empire represented period, where the humankind was the luckiest and prosperous, especially during the à ©poque of Antonines. He analyses the reasons of fall of Rome and presents more then 20 factor, which influenced the process. His common conclusion is simple and categorical: the reason is in â€Å"triumph of Barbarians and religion† (Edward Gibbon). R. Collingwood related Gibbon’s work to retrograde or historian tendency in historiography of XVIII century; for representatives of this tendency the history is only â€Å"sightseeing of irrational forces†. The other researchers of XIX-XX centuries underlined other factors: progressive decrease of population; penetrating of â€Å"coastal† antique culture inside the country and its extensive expansion, as a reason of loss intensiveness and coming back to old, natural forms of economy; contradictions between city and village; struggle between â€Å"municipal bourgeoisie† and lower classes of city and village, which leads to revolution, the expression of which are military rebellions; Negative role of ruling personality. For example, transfer of power from Marcus Aurelia to Commodious – the Senate looses its prestige, and power of Rome was actually based on this authority; Decrease of quantity in Roman border army, starting from Augustus period of power, which prevented stable and reliable defense of Empire (History Alive material); Christianity and religion of sympathy for all unlucky personalities, weak and low, which appeared on the basis of â€Å"mortal enmity to reality† and became a vampire of Roman Empire as well as brought into naught great dead of Romans. So, taking into account everything we examined here, we can tell that the reasons of fall are connected with specifics of development of Rome as Empire; it means that we have to see combination of factors: Internal reasons – those social, economic, political, ethnic and demographic processes, which are connected with transformation of former polices, civitases, nomes, etc. Because of all this Empire becomes unstable government. It is not enough for fall of Rome, but it is enough to weaken it. The government reached limits of its â€Å"vital space†. Specifics of cultural, religious and ideological development: a) synthesis of their own cultural achievements in order to create non-contradictory system of new beliefs, based on their own traditions; b) great religious invasion from the East As a result of all those factors the Empire becomes weal government. The decisive role then, will play external factors: External factors: meeting of economies – Roman Empire consisted of developed Western provinces, zones of ancient and stable city tradition. Economic intervention destabilized position of government. Great migration of population. In such a way, the Fall of Rome was the result of influence of numerous factors. References: Reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire: All left Rome open to outside invaders adapted from History Alive material [online] http://killeenroos.com/1/Romefall.htm The Collapse’ Chronology [online] http://www.roman-empire.net/collapse/collapse-index.html Medieval Sourcebook: Edward Gibbon: General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West [online] http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/gibbon-fall.html

Peaches Essay -- Character Analysis, Marcus, Reginald McKnight

In the story â€Å"Peaches†, Reginald McKnight introduces his main characters, one being Marcus. Marcus is a good guy, but he is described in many different ways, due to his bad temper and immaturity level. Throughout the work, author Reginald McKnight takes great care to illustrate situations and describe feelings and personalities that many men experience. This way, even though Marcus is having trouble controlling himself around other people and arrogant at times, he still tries to be a better person for Rita and for himself. He does this by going out of the country to experience other cultures and enhance his morals. Although Marcus is strong and eager, he is actually an easily irascible, impatient, immature, manipulative, unstable man whose inexperience does not prepare him for the frequent mishaps in his life. Marcus himself is white, and like most guys he is constantly nitpicking at not just anything, but everything he says and does. Even in realizing that he is being a complete neurotic, one can see that Marcus actions are a sign of his impatience. He has habits of always unknowingly insulting himself and exclaiming, â€Å"I’m the one who needs to change,† (73) two practices that reveal his insecurity and contradict his belief that, â€Å"If anything, I can give you more because my world is so different from yours† (74) which he stated to Rita. Even when Rita re-assures Marcus that â€Å"It’s got nothing to do with your beliefs. Really. I’m just preoccupied†¦..we can talk about this tomorrow, at dinner?† (74) His first concern is himself and asks Rita â€Å"Is it because you think I got no soul or some crap like that, isn’t it?† (74). He feels that his race is the reason Rita has been avoiding him. He reasons that the tension e xisting between him a... ...ially drawn to Rita, not for her â€Å"frizzy, uncombable black hair, or burdensome breasts, but the face that he insisted no guy on campus could forget, and the legs he insisted were not birdlike† (73). Due to Marcus’ personality traits he did not seem to notice that he was sabotaging any possibility of ever having anything serious with Rita. In creating a character so obvious in his irascibility, duality and selfishness, Reginald McKnight also creates a character we can sympathize with. McKnight created a sense that Marcus was an eager individual, who set himself apart from society, but in doing so, he set himself up for failure. This, if anything, makes use aware that negative remarks and statements can lead to a very negative end result. We are forced to form our own conclusion and conform to the fact that no matter how many miles away, one person may never change.

Newspaper Report on a Town :: Papers

Newspaper Report on a Town I am going to write a newspaper article about my town, it is called Luton. It is thirty miles north of London. And has a population of around 187000 people. Its main features are the airport, which is currently being extended and the Vauxhall factory. The area, which I live in, is called Wigmore. It is on the very edge of the town and backs onto the countryside. There are a number of small villages beyond Wigmore, Tea Green, which has a small golf course, and Cockernhoe, which has a small junior school. They both have very few houses, as well as a church and of course a pub. All of the houses down my road are either four or three bed-roomed houses. They all have front and back gardens as well as a park. This is a good feature as it allows children to play in the comfort of their own road; this is very reassuring for parents. If you go out of my road there is a main road, which if you follow will either take you to Wigmore Valley Park, which is an enormous playing field that sits directly next to the airport. It is used mainly in the summer where you would have families with picnics, fun and games and people walking their dogs. If you go the other way you will be taken to the local supermarket, ASDA. Which is the second busiest attraction in my area, next to the airport. The supermarket consists of everything you could think of from designer clothes, ready cooked food as well as your every day shopping. It also has a music and video store which has a number of top of the chart products as well as a large archive of old music and videos. And all of this at exceptionally low prices. If you go slightly further than ASDA then you will reach Ashcroft area, this is where my School is. My school is an I.T communications college which means that its main interest is I.

Northern Perspectives

It is prudent at this juncture to define the northern territory as a way of introduction. The northern territory (NT) is much of a political territory, which shares geographical location with north Australia. This is the main distinctive feature. However there are several differences In terms of the social and cultural orientation within the geographical region of north Australia.The northern territory exists as a self-government territory. However the territory derives its right to govern from the federal parliament. This means that the supreme authority is still the federal parliament. If follows that the decision reached at the northern territory legislative assembly is subject to the approval of the federal parliament. This happens to be what separates the self-governing territory of the Northern Territory from the rest of Australia. The political structure in the larger Australia is such that the states are sovereign and only come together under the federal government.The northe rn territory self-government act of 1978 gave a new status to the northern territory. In this act the northern territory was granted authority that could help it become a self-autonomous entity, usurping a few roles from the commonwealth. A few of responsibilities and duties initially carried out by the common wealth were transferred to the northern territory. A superficial glance at the territory and comparison with the other states indicates almost a complete similarity. However, the territory suits a shoulder below the rest in terms of authority and the structure of the government. It leaves more towards being a self-autonomous territory as opposed to the usual states in the common wealth.Although all the states in the common wealth are independent and value sovereignty, the 1978 act to self-given presents the biggest difference between these and the northern territory. The government in northern territory can make and enforce its own laws, but should the federal government wish to overturn or override it, it can achieve this through the parliament. An example in point is the euthanasia legislation passed by northern treaty but overridden by the national parliament ().In the place of a governor, the northern territory has administrator who wields executives’ power. He leads with the help of an executive council. The territory too has its representative in the federal legislature comprising of two representatives and two people in the senate.The territory has a legislative assembly consisting of members that are elected to speaker and the member of the executive council or the ministers. The northern territory also has local governments and authorities with some full administrative powers in Darwin, the capital city as well as in other large towns, these administrative centers provide essential services to the people ranging from housing to health among others.  Northern territories have a fully-fledged legal system with the Supreme Court as the hig hest court in the land.There is a chief minister who leads the self-autonomous government while the premier leads the state government. These two are appointed by the administrator who in turn is appointed by the governor-general of Australia.  In the national scene, the parliament is made up of the senate and the house of representative it deals with matters affecting almost all the states like foreign affair or the issue of protecting the nation as is the case in the United States. The territory’s representation in these two organs is a bit lower to make up for special status that it enjoys with an autonomous government.Broad responsibilityThe northern territory government is charged with the responsibility of managing the affairs of the territory save for those that are national in nature like the world heritage areas and national parks located within the territory (Strelein L (2000). This is done to avoid conflicts between the two levels of government. Areas that fall w ithin the northern territory government share of responsibility include but not limited to; education, health, and issues, administrative matters, infrastructure and local government. In order to perform these duties the NT government receives funds from the federal government.Relationship with federal governmentIt is clear that the two levels of government are mutually dependent. The federal government looks up to the territorial government to facilitate the implementation of laws and policies. Additionally the federal government expects to receive money remitted by the territorial government in order to reach its own objectives. On the other hand, the territorial government receives funds from the federal government to meet its budgetary obligations. This has for long time been a subject of much debate and controversy not only in the northern territory but also elsewhere in Australia and also in the world.The federal government in Australia has to perform a balancing act in order to achieve some kind of equity. Equitable distribution of resources is a thorny issue here. This balance is important for stability of any nation. An example of inequality is between the State of California in the US and the Mississippi between which a huge economic disparity exists. There has existed a general discontent especially from richer states in the way the national government distributes money contributed by these states.One of the important areas of development that lie within the responsibility of the NT government is cultural development. Culture is a very important composite of any society. However, in the modern world, rarely would any society share in all aspects of a common culture. According to Martin C (1995), this is mainly because of the historical backgrounds that are as varied as the trends of the modern lifestyle. It is therefore important to understand the basics of cultural dynamics before any form of cultural development can be contemplated.Cultural develo pment can be defined as the process through which the full potential of cultural diversity can be achieved for the common good. Culture is a most valuable symbol of identity and should not be lost either through assimilation or neglect. Cultural diversity brings out the uniqueness of the northern territory community (CUC107 Northern Perspectives. Cultural expansion and change (2007). One of the unique characteristics of the responsibility that the territorial government has in conserving and developing cultural diversity springs from the history of the people of the Northern Territory.The earliest inhabitants of the northern territory were the indigenous people. These people had and still have a rich culture and customs by which they lived. However, when the European immigrants settled in Australia, they sought to undermine this culture terming it as backwards. They also sought to force their own ways, which they viewed as superior. For many years this opinion has dictated the natur e of interaction between the indigenous people and the settlers. It has also influenced public opinion as well as dominant ideologies (Eckerman T. et al 1992).Upon this background, the territorial government must work to alter this perception and opinion that is based against the culture and custom of the aboriginal people as well as the Torres-strait islander people. The long enduring opinion is narrow and ill informed. It is full assumptions and biases that view some cultures and practices as more superior than others. Cultural development begins with the understanding of the uniqueness of the self. It is the responsibility of the Northern Territory government to promote understanding, acceptance interest and most of all harmonious existence among people of different cultural affiliations. The goal should be for the entire population to appreciate other cultures and to nurture rather than to kill diversity. The goal should also be to create a strong sense of belonging through cult ure where the population is proud of being who they are.Killing cultural diversity is tantamount to killing own individual identity. The study of culture has somehow increased awareness among those who take time to give thought to the wisdom those studies. However the world is still at a point where the western definition of what is superior and what is mediocre is widely embraced. Against this background many cultures have lost invaluable parts that were part of the whole thus becoming diluted (Hunter, E. (1993). This presents the main challenge to the Northern Territory government in its management and development of culture.The Northern Territory government must work from a seemingly â€Å"point of weakness† because many of the cultural practice and customs have lost so much already which cannot be recovered. Elements of culture such as language have also changed greatly. The way people talked as well as the content of these talks has changed overtime. Among the indigenous people for instance, folk tales were used to impart knowledge as well as to pass traditions from one generation to next. However folk tales have today found replacement in technology and the consequences are a lost method of passing culture to generations (CUC107 Northern Perspectives. Cultural expansion and change (2007).These are among the challenges that the Northern Territory government faces. Capitalistic ideologies and economic power has placed some countries at a position where they can dictate the direction the rest of the world takes. This includes dominating cultures. The disadvantaged, minorities and marginalized population have little choice but to tow the line appropriately (Alder, C. 1999). Economic development in the Northern Territory, which ironically must be encouraged, can only serve to diminish any gains on the cultural diversity front. This is a challenge to the Northern Territory government cultural development plans. It is easy to see here that the sacrifices that must be made are economic prosperity or the conservation of culture. With the world being the way it is today the Northern Territory government is hard pressed to make a decision to promote economic prosperity at the expense of culture.The Northern Territory government can however produce a win-win situation, by embracing innovative thinking to ensure sustainable development both economically and culturally.It is unfortunate that despite the fact that an opportunity clearly exists in the northern territory to develop ways of achieving sustainable cultural development, not much good seems be coming out of the processes. This can be attributed to the fact that the focus of the main stakeholders is wrong. The Northern Territory government has loudly cited scarcity of funds as the main obstacle in achievement of sustainable cultural development.This has denied these stakeholders from seeing the other methods and avenues open to them to exploit the opportunity (Ames, R et al 1989). The Northern Territory government has tried to develop a framework upon which to build its plans. One has been the involvement of women and the aboriginal people in decision-making process. Their representation has however not always adequate which has worked against this plan.The NT government has also sought to promote culture by supporting cultural activities like road shows and festivals especially in Darwin. These attractions have served to showcase some of the diverse cultures that exist in Northern Territory. The events are increasingly becoming popular though at a very slow pace.  The budget for cultural development has also been increasing steadily over the past few years (Christie, M. 2000).While the efforts of the NT government to involve the local communities especially the aboriginal and Torres-strait islander people together with women and other minority groups are laudable. This paper suggests that more can be done in order to speed up the process and consolidate g ains achieved so far. Wide consultations have a way of fostering ownership. It is therefore important that the NT government seek to improve participation of the local communities in decision-making.Representation should be increased in the decision-making organ. Additionally, in order to increase coercion the NT government should develop a holistic approach that includes educating the people at all levels of the society to appreciate their cultures as well as other cultures within this society. This can be done formally in small community groups as well as through other contemporary media.Another laudable gesture that should be developed further is use of cultural events and festivals. Cultural events have succeeded elsewhere as tourist attraction and consequently served to preserve the practice. In Spain bullfighting is a cultural even that is unique to this part of the world. It has gained a cult like following and has also been used as a tourist attraction. In Brazil, street car nival where people showcase there cultural dances such as samba have also become an eye catching event that is widely accepted all over the world. Similarly events could be organized regularly to showcase the NT diverse cultures.The Northern Territory should also explore the use of cultural ambassadors in other parts of Australia and the world in order to advertise the culture and to promote cultural tourism.ConclusionWhile plans are underway to confer full powers of statehood in the Northern Territory, the territorial government must increase ensure sustainable development in all areas of development. It is the responsibility of the Northern Territory government to promote understanding, acceptance interest and most of all harmonious existence among people of different cultural affiliations. The goal should be for the entire population to appreciate other cultures and to nurture rather than to kill diversity. Cultural diversity must never be sacrificed in the altar of economic deve lopment.ReferencesAlder C (1999) The Aboriginal art market: challenges to authenticity, on-line at:http://www.aboriginalartonline.com/resources/articles6.php, (Accessed: 3/2/05)Ames, R. Don Axford, Peter J. Usher, Ed Weick, George Wenzel, and John Merritt. (1989)Keeping on the land: A study of the feasibility of a comprehensive wildlife harvestsupport programme in the Northwest Territories. Ottawa ON: Canadian Arctic ResourcesCommittee.Christie M 2000 ‘Greek Migration to Darwin, Australia, 1914-1921' Journal of NorthernTerritory History, 71, pp 1 -14.Eckerman T. Dowd, M. Martin, L, Nixon R. Gray E. Chong, Binan Goonj (1992). BudgingCultures In Aboriginal Health, . Armidale NSW: Printery, University Of England.. 23-58.Hunter, E. (1993). Aboriginal Health and History. Power and prejudice in remoteAustralia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne.38Strelein L (2000) Aboriginal land rights in Australia, Native Title Research Unit, AustralianInstitute of Aborigi nal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra.

Whale Rider essays

Whale Rider essays The film Whale Rider by Niki Caro, is a popular film highly rated among many critics across the globe. It has been nominated for many prestigious awards including Best Actress. Set on the east coast of New Zealand, the Whangara people believe their presence there dates back one thousand years or more to a single ancestor, Paikea, who escaped death when his canoe capsized by riding to shore on the back of a whale. From then on, Whangara chiefs, always the first-born, always male, have been considered Paikea's direct descendants. Pai, an 11-year-old girl in a patriarchal New Zealand tribe, believes she is destined to be the new chief. But her grandfather Koro is bound by tradition to pick a male leader. Pai loves Koro more than anyone in the world, but she must fight him and a thousand years of tradition to fulfil her destiny. When Koro decided to find a new leader in the young Whangara boys, Pai is denied the rite to sit at the front of the class and as a result of her refusal to mov e is asked to leave the teachings. With the help of her uncle she learns in the traditional ways and goes on to show Koro that she too can be great, that she too can inspire those around her, and that she too is capable of proudly carrying the family name. In this film many serious issues are addressed. The changing role of women, importance of cultural identity and generational differences are some of the main issues that are dealt with in Whale Rider. The novel Whale Rider was written in a time of great change for women and the issues of the 1980s are still present today. This was a period in which women were just beginning to be truly accepted into the workforce; Maternity leave pay was granted and people were demanding that there be equal number of men and women in high positions in the workforce and other traditionally male dominated areas. Being extremely close to the print text in many ways, the film Whale Rider has addressed the issue of wo...

Characteristics that Make a Successful Negotiator

Characteristics that Make a Successful Negotiator Negotiation remains a critical element in leadership and management. The concept of negotiation has occupied the realms of leadership because it is the core for a formidable and plausible leader (Burt, Petcavage Pinkerton, 2010). However, questions have arisen as to what constitutes a good negotiator. Therefore, the paper examines some of the basic features that define a good negotiator.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics that Make a Successful Negotiator specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Patience. Patience is a critical item required for a negotiator. Patience refers to the ability of an individual to bear with situations perceived such as causing anxiety. In a negotiation process, parties in a dispute or any course seeking to reach consensus, must be able to bear with each other in order to accomplish a certain negotiation process deemed tough. The primary intention is to ensure agreement between parti es involved in negotiation. For mutuality to prevail, one or both parties must bear qualities of persuasion to reach the end of an agreement. When the element of persuasion lacks in an individual acting as a negotiator, such negotiation may fail or take long to deliver the results (Ghauri Usunier, 2003). The ability to bear and handle pressure. Some negotiation processes and environments are inherently pressure-oriented. In order to ensure coherence and smooth transition toward the intended agreement, a negotiator should have the ability to bear with mounting pressure from the competing parties (Burt, Petcavage Pinkerton, 2010). In cases where a negotiating individual lacks this basic element, he or she is likely to succumb to the opposing forces in a negotiation. Assertiveness and controlled authority. It is essential to be assertive to ensure that the counterparts acknowledge your ability to voice your views and opinions freely and authoritatively. However, authority in this cas e does not imply the use of force in making opinions, but rather the ability to pinpoint issues without fear nor favor (Burt, Petcavage Pinkerton, 2010). Assertiveness brings with itself the ability to convince people because one positions his or her statements from a factual base, hence, he or she might end up winning in the impending process.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Good listening skills. It is fundamental to the one engaging in a negotiation to exhibit qualities of good listening. Negotiation takes place in a communication process. Therefore, a negotiator must portray good listening skills in order to comprehend and synthesize the opposing views of the opposite party (Ghauri Usunier, 2003). The inability to exhibit this quality is ineffective in respect to providing valid relevant responses aimed at convincing the opposite party. Open mindedness. This refers to the ability of an individual to accommodate various situations, views and opposing opinions arising out of a negotiation process. This element ensures that a person assesses various situations with a clear mind without being inclined to a particular position (Ghauri Usunier, 2003). He or she can then evaluate the alternatives while positioning him or herself on a platform worth in the sense of utilizing various ends to derive the best-of-breed alternative capable of winning in the negotiation process. Finally, an excellent negotiator has a wide scope of knowledge concerning the aspects of negotiation. The ability to demonstrate understanding can effectively melt the minds of the counterparts through factual representation of the material elements leading to the negotiation. Therefore, an individual with little or no grasp of ideas will always lack creative moves to sustain an argument or to foster agreement from the counterparts (Burt, Petcavage Pinkerton, 2010). Th e ability to demonstrate knowledge about the issues in a negotiation can serve to act as a neutralizer of the counterpart’s argument or point of view. References Burt, D. N., Petcavage, S. D., Pinkerton, R. L. (2010). Supply management. Boston: McGraw Hill.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics that Make a Successful Negotiator specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ghauri, P. N., Usunier, J. (2003). International business negotiations. New York, NY: Emerald Group Publishing.