MSG: The Chemical and Biological Reactions

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavorless chemical added to a variety of foods. While there is no 100 percent conclusive study that shows MSG as harmful, it is widely linked to seizures, chest pain, and other adverse side effects in adults and children. In this paper, I will show how the chemistry of MSG causes a negative biological reaction. N. Peica, C. Lehene, N. Leopold, S. Schlucker, and W. Kiefer (2007) wrote, â€Å"MSG or E621, the sodium salt of glutamic acid, is probably the most common food additive used in many packaged and prepared foods† (p. 604). Because of this, it is easy for MSG to hide. This is especially problematic for people who have a sensitivity to MSG. Reporter Sandra Blakeslee (1990) wrote, â€Å"Several months ago Jack Samuels, a Chicago businessman, carefully read the label on a box of breakfast cereal and decided it was safe to eat. An hour later, however, Mr. Samuels collapsed in his physician’s office after a treadmill test. ‘As I started to lose consciousness, I knew it was an MSG attack,’ he said† (p. C3). The article went on to report that the FDA allows several different names for MSG; sometimes the pseudonyms make it difficult for consumers to realize they are ingesting MSG. In its monohydrate form, the â€Å"two carboxy groups of MSG twist to an equal but opposite extent with respect to the carbon chain (Peica et al. 2006, p. 606). In its anhydrous form, â€Å"Anhydrous MSG is arched and two hydrogen bond interactions are possible† (Peica et al. 2006, p. 607). Either way, the result is the formation of white crystals. The crystals don’t have any flavor; however, its chemical make-up allows it to enhance the flavor of other foods. MSG concentrations can be as low as 10-5, or much higher. Michelle Meadows (2003) expressed that the 1995 FASEB report confirmed that MSG is safe if consumed moderately. She added that there is a group of people who is sensitive to MSG if more than 3 grams are consumed at a meal (a typical serving is 0.5 grams). She wrote that some severe and poorly controlled asthmatics also have trouble with MSG consumption. For them, the lack of labeling is problematic because labels only have to reflect foods that have MSG added to them, not foods that contain it naturally, like tomatoes, cheeses, soy sauce, and some meats. Chris Kilham (2006) pointed out that a vast number of foods contain MSG, although there are plenty of studies that prove its harmful effects. He wrote, â€Å"Studies have shown that mice fed large amounts of MSG suffer destruction of brain cells †¦ Several years ago, baby food manufacturers stopped using MSG under intense public pressure. However, MSG remains in popular use† (p. 25). He added that the risk of using MSG is unnecessary, since it has absolutely no nutritional value. Angelica Soares, Joao Paulo Ferreira Schoffen, Elsa Maria De Gouveia, and Maria Raquel Marcal Natali (2006) also looked at the disturbing effect MSG had on rats. They studied infant rats and found that the bay rats that ingested MSG showed high levels of NADH-diaphorase. The NADH caused nerve damage, as well as caused the baby rats to retain more adipose tissue that the ones not given MSG. The conclusion of the study was that not only did MSG contribute to obesity; it also caused a deterioration in the intestinal lining. M. Hermanussen, A.P. Garcia, M. Sunder, M. Voigt, V. Salazar, and J.A.F. Tresguerres (2006) agreed with Soares et al (2006), but added some interesting findings of their own. They looked at glutamic acid (GLU), since it is a major component in glutamine. The study started with administering MSG to pregnant rats, then to the offspring of the rats. Obviously, there was a control group not receiving MSG, except what was normally found in the regular feed. The conclusion was that male rats showed a lot more damage from the MSG than female rats did. Obesity was the obvious result, but, in part, because the MSG-fed rats ate more. This indicated that GLU significantly increased appetite. The group noted, too, that the MSG-fed rats retained much more adipose tissue that the rats that weren’t fed MSG. As well, it was noted that the same nerve damage found in the study by Soares et al. (2006) was consistent with the findings by Hermanussen et al. (2006). Hermanussen et al. clearly discovered impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in their rats, as a result of â€Å"GH burst frequency† (p. 30). Despite statements that there is no definite evidence that MSG causes negative reactions, very recent studies prove the contrary. Since MSG does not add any nutritional value to food, it might be wise to avoid it, especially in large quantities. The studies show that MSG is linked to nerve damage, obesity, voracity, and diabetes. We also know that chemical make-up of the product is more likely to affect men and asthmatics – meaning that a significant number of Americans may suffer adverse reaction s from MSG, and some of them don’t even know why. References Blakeslee, S. (1990, March 6). With MSG sensitivity still at issue in studies, label rules tighten. New York Times, p. C3. Retrieved Thursday, March 29, 2007 from the ProQuest database. Hermanussen, M., Garcia, A.P., Sunder, M., Voigt, M., Salazar, V., & Tresguerres, J.A.F. (2006). Obesity, voracity, and short stature: The impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetite. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, 25-31. Retrieved Thursday, March 29, 2007, from the Academic Search Premier database. Kilham, C. (2006, March/April). The dangers of chemical food additives. Share Guide, p. 25. Meadows, M. (2003, January/February). A common flavor enhancer. FDA Consumer, p. 35. Pieca, N., Lehene, C., Leopold, N., Schlucker, S., & Kiefer, W. (2006). Monosodium glutamate in its anhydrous and monohydrate form: Differentiation by Raman spectroscopies and density functional calculations. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 604-615. Retrieved Thursday, March 29, 2007, from the ScienceDirect database. Soares, A., Schoffen, J.P.F., De Gouveia, E.M., & Natali, M.R.M. (2006). Effects of the neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate on myenteric neurons and the intestinal wall in the ileum of rats. Journal of Gastroenterology, 41, 674-680. Retrieved Thursday, March 29, 2007, from the Academic Search Premier database.                  

Environmental Factors Influencing Alton Towers Uk Tourism Essay Essay

It was a challenge for me to work on this project, because it is a learning process for me that how, I could tackle this question therefore I collected primary and secondary data for my project and try my best to analyze the whole situation and produce a good Peace of work. I gather information about Theme parks called Alton tower. After getting the brief knowledge about this theme park and their strength and weaknesses, through assess to Alton tower website. With the help of some good secondary data such as different website and books sources. I used some marketing strategies such as segmentation which is used to target different types of consumers and it will help to find out how this theme park can do something new among other competitor further I did a pest analyses , created a good pricing strategies which will help this theme parks to do long term planning and allow them to face different threats and problems in a defendable way . Political factor effect very much because Government changes frequently and every Government makes it own policy, which cancel or postponed the previous policies and new policies are implemented, which start their work from zero point and all the previous work and policies result fruitless. Such as theme park might have problems in pricing strategies , if Taxes increasing , expensive increasing , timing factor etc so due to this it can influence the theme park negatively . On other hand if government policies are in the favor of business sector so might be possible that it will help Alton Tower and they can earn more profit margins ,Such as recently UK government has reduce the VAT value added tax which will increase the demand of costumers coming towards theme parks more so this show that it’s a good step taken by government in favor of business sector. . Government Development When it comes to development so government some time can play a vital role in improving the society standard such as government can give funds to theme parks or provide good facilities for people who comes over there for  enjoyments such built sitting area , emergency help desk , locater and maps of London in theme parks for tourists . Environmental protection and regulation To protect the environment government always force the theme park management to be stick on this issue and aware there costumers to follow the regulation such as left eating items , garbic , should be through in dustbins and whole theme park should be Cover up by dustbins . Cars should be not allowed in theme parks they should have separate parking yard due to pollution which is spoiling the environment . Government should put billboards of Environmental protection and regulation on entrance of theme parks to aware people. Contract enforcing law over costumer’s safety. In this factor government will always try their best to make sure that theme parks are having good safety precaution for costumers and whole theme parks is fully covered by CCTV so that they can defend in good way against any dangerous situation. Economical Inflation In this factor if the price increase over all the UK and there is high amount of inflation in country so this will affect the theme park, because there will be a decrease in public spending due to inflation . further if inflation is rising so there will be increase in cost of theme parks such as expenses will rise up , therefore theme park will have no other option left and they will increase their tickets price also . Economic development If the Alton theme parks does a good business ever year such as many people or tourist love to come to UK for enjoyment and in this case Alton theme  park Is a good example of entertainment and many people would like to visit it due to this it will have a positive impact over economic conditions of UK, such as there will be increase in GDP , Globalization will increase and there will be a big boom in tourist industry . Employment Alton theme park is place which is full of entertainment and in this case many people want to visit it in different seasons such as summer vacations is a good season in which theme parks are fully crowded . To handle that demand of people Alton theme park will need workers in their organization every year . Theme park can play a vital role in seasonal employment which is good for economic growth because unemployment will be reduced. Mac Gee (2004) Pg 415, (themeparks UK, 2008), titley, b.pg 378 (1993). Social Life style changes When we talk about life style so now days different people have different life style . According to people they want something new in life so therefore they decide to have some good vacations or holidays so that they can stay relax for some time in such busy world , so theme park like Alton can play a vital role in changing life style of people this theme park can allow people to stay relax and have peace in their life such as it has good atmosphere , hotel nice fun place for family and couples . Population and age population and growth rate is a very important factor which can influence any business in a positive or negative way and when it comes to theme park like Alton tower , they need costumers so that they can have good business growth and UK has a good population which is helpful to this theme park and in this population theme parks are more attractive towards kids around 10 to 15 or  teen agers so this will help Alton theme parks to do segmentation of people who can be interested in theme parks and then they can target generation X (10-16 ) and Y (16 – 20 ) .more . Living conditions This is factor which Alton theme park should focus more because this theme parks have hotel arrangements for costumers therefore they have to be perfect in keeping good Quaintly standard living conditions so that customers are satisfied in a good way and once costumers are happy form there services this will help to improve theme parks image and good growth in sales what is pest analysis. (2008).

Product Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Product Innovation - Essay Example Ideation capabilities relate to organizational and managerial processes for the implementation, selection, identification and stimulation of innovation ideas. According to the results of this study, organizations adapt to distinct approaches to ideation. On the other hand, Sylvie Laforet writes an article by name â€Å"A framework of organizational innovation and outcomes in SMEs† to address innovation and its consequences in small and medium-sized enterprises (Stamm, 2005). Sylvie develops a detailed theoretical structure of the innovation’s end results, how it occurs, as well as, its effects on the financial performance of an industry. She focuses on three distinct innovations in addressing the topic of market product innovation. Sylvie states several drivers to innovation in small and middle businesses (Siddike, Amna & Kohda). For instance, quality, business, environment, a desire to succeed and improve working conditions in SMEs drive innovation. As Jennie et al des cribes the negative consequences of a resultant formalization, Sylvie focuses on the positive impacts of innovation. The positive consequences of innovation entail: improvement of SMEs’ image, reputation, cost benefits, increased financial performance, recruitment of additional labor and increase in outfitted efficiency among others. Consequently, just like Jennie et al, Sylvie states the negative outcomes of innovation. For instance, operational issues, management and financial risks: inclusive of industry’s reputation and image loss, customer and employees issues, safety, environmental and health impacts, uncontrollable industry growth and costs. Such negative outcomes of innovation are outrageous and require the large-scale, medium and small organizations to take action to manage them immediately. There are several approaches on how to overcome organizational barriers to creativity and innovation. According to Jennie et al, a firm with an explicit focus on developin g ideation practices realise that there are negative outcomes of the resultant formalization. Employees develop significant ideas for innovation and creativity. However, the extent to which an organization can involve employees in ideation is a challenging aspect, even though additional technologies make the practice realistic. Nevertheless, the management requires to identify all creative employees within the business to curb the barriers to innovation and ideation. Surprisingly, creativity within the organization might emerge from people or teams that the management least expects. It is essential for the organization to steer employees and inform them the expectations of the ideation process. When the organization identifies the creative employees and innovative ideas, the next step involves removing the confusion and create a business environment where people can utilize maximum creativity. For instance, the management can use scenarios and visualize ideas (Schottler, 2007). It i s essential to ensure that every employee and subordinate member in the business is comfortable. More so, the management should discuss the changes in the management while at the same time, work on all permissions. The SMEs or large organizations must avoid performing an act that might jeopardize the process of

White New Brutality Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

White New Brutality Films - Essay Example The white cultural identity is directly proportional to the understanding of the effective power of new-brutality films. The movies and documentaries attract viewers because of the historical significances and violent contents. The book of Paul Gormley regards the films related to race and violence as the new-brutality films. According to the author, the issues related to discrimination of race in the United States were extraordinary and a white filmmaker could not use the word nigger without evoking the white suppression in past and the problems faced by the black community in America. Gormley has also stated in the book that films such as, Pulp Fiction and Reservoir Dogs give people a complete understanding about the anarchic and unveiling racial age in the white society, however, the films like Menace II Society presents the imagination of the white culture in crisis. Most of the films of the 1990s were populated with the thoughts related to the African-American cultural bodies fo r their negative power in the Western Society. In the 1990s, one of the utmost striking scenes of the United States that was filmed for ten minutes is the disreputable torture part in the Reservoir Dogs. This scene is viewed as one of the pivotal parts which contained numerous features that lead to the advent of different development in the history of Hollywood cinema. Pulp fiction and Menace II society films have signified a new strand in the aesthetic direction. These films are viewed by author Paul Gormley as the new-brutality films which share one common theme to revive and renegotiate the affecting qualities and proximity of the experience of cinema. These films created a new aesthetic direction in the commercial Hollywood. In the year 1994, the American black crime and comedy film was directed by Quentin Tarantino named as Pulp Fiction. The film is primarily renowned for its ironic mixture of violence and comicalness, eclectic dialogue, cinematic allusions and a nonlinear storyline.

Employer-Employee Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Employer-Employee Relationship - Essay Example It fulfils the aspirations of millions around the globe, and makes every member a part of the universal whole and hurtles towards a chosen path and on to destiny. It involves a culture that is flexible, unique and peculiar to the specific organization or industry. It also involves administration, supervision, evaluation, performance, productivity, motivation, morale, and discipline. In short, it is the creation of a new dimension in relationship based on mutual understanding, trust, objectives, principles and routines. (Employee Relations Series) In the course of its existence, an organization settles down to achieve its aims and targets. The most important asset of the organization is its human resource. All the activities from the initial stage of acquiring an order to execution and delivery are dependent on human skills at every level and stage. The internal activities of an organization consist not only of executing orders or rendering services, but also constantly looking after its own position and welfare, which is the welfare of its employees. In the present economic scenario, policies and procedures relating to employee- related issues are the quick fix hire and fire routine, although enlightened management may not arbitrarily use them. There needs to be good deal of resilience and flexibility. Policies and procedures serve as guidelines and channels of hope to an aggrieved employee or group of employees with specific grievance. The emphasis is on the fact that the management is willing to lend a ear to an employee, thereby indicating the importance of the employee as an individual in the management's eyes. The management must also make it clear to the employee that they are aware of his good record and are appreciative about it. This emphasis on the capability and contributions of the individual helps to create a congenial atmosphere assuaging the aggrieved employee or group of employees right away. It wins the loyalty of the employee and exponentially serves to rejuvenate the employees' morale. Traits In the current economic and market scenario, there is less scope for white elephants and sycophants. Along with team management abilities, the people in charge are expected to endow their functions with an eye for talents and find out the aspirations of the employees under them. Understanding human resource and its potential and goals not only help employers to fathom the depth of their employees' capacities but also enable them to delegate responsibilities effectively and equip them with the means to effectively handle the day to day routines with foresight and fortitude. The layers of the managerial hierarchy have drastically reduced after the dawn of the electronic and information era. It is more empowerment based, and even the employee in the lower rung of the hierarchy is aware of his importance in the eyes of the management and how to bargain for better prospects. An important aspect of horizontal hierarchy is

Role in the meeting user needs in my placement Essay

Role in the meeting user needs in my placement - Essay Example Over time I have been able to witness that my role had been from accomplishing individual and group therapy that was set up by interdisciplinary treatment teams to carrying out assessments, revisions, as well as approval. I came to realize that for a practitioner to be successful, he or she must not only be aware of the agency policies that are applicable, the laws that are related to the intended philosophy, and the procedures of the institutions, but also the knowledge of those interventions that are the most suitable and fitting in the associated case. One such example is from my placement where the revolving door approach was tackled on a patient. In such a scenario, a user usually becomes stable for a while but then goes back at the same problem in some time. Basically, the user only gains a short term steadiness and then deteriorates to the same level as the beginning. The user in this scenario needed support as well as intervention of the highest level that tested my abilities of exhibiting the appliance of processes and techniques that were related to the required therapy. I came to realize that as a practitioner, my role was to provide my patients an approach that they can embody so that they could work towards a healthy mental treatment. A practitioner must also be aware of the biological model, the claim of which is supported by James (2009) that one must be able to understand the basic structure as well as the way a human body functions because of the fact that the human body is very important for becoming a health care professional. I also realized the importance of interpersonal relationships and was amazed to see that the main culture that is needed for treatments in the mental health is being able to make connection with various events. For example, one of my patients required a joined up approach of thinking that did the same. The treatment revolved around making sure that those events of the past that are directly related to the current situat ion of the user are brought in focus. In this way, experiences from childhood and adolescence were brought in picture that helped the user recognize the patterns forming the behavior. The whole idea behind this strategy could only be accomplished when a practitioner like me recognized the need to turn a mere treatment into a meaningful recovery. Therefore, one of the most important lessons that I have learned through my placements is that it is not just about dealing with a treatment that is presented to you, that could range from a bracket of drug abuse, depression, to stress and depression, it is also about understanding the meaning of a holistic approach that considers each individual as a person. In this way, both the practitioner as well as the individual gains a lot and thus identifying ways to recognize each action demonstrated by the user and thereby exploring the root cause. Utilizing the psychological techniques that need to be carried out must also be one of the biggest k nowledge and skill that must be used in order to meet the needs of the user. It is imperative that the professional actually listens to the user and assures them that they are being taken seriously. For example, it is being taught to us that the user must be able to recognize the presence of his or her internal world with which they would slowly learn to

Human Resource Management Analysis Questions on Movie "Office Essay

Human Resource Management Analysis Questions on Movie "Office Space" (1999) - Essay Example Instead of the company investigating their problems, it hires consultants Bob Porter and Bob Slydell to downsize its workforce. Tom Smykowski among other employees like Samir, Milton and others, suffer humiliations, indignities and now the downsizing threat. The HR could have undertaken a job evaluation or performance assessment so to determine the source of employees’ fatigue, their lack of motivation so as to improve their efficiency. Employee engagement is vital since it improves employee’s enthusiasm in the workplace (Dgj 2015). Lawrence withdrawal is illegal and unethical because it downgrades the work ethics. Since he was a displeased employee, he could have reached out to the HR and laid out his grievances for a mutual consultation. The work ethics stipulate the relevant procedures and channels of raising job grievances. He could also have utilized the Ombudsman or Labor Union for interventions (Dgj 2015). The consultants, Bobs; could have been the last resort of solving the inefficiency issues. The company suffers dysfunctional organizational culture and lack of effective employee development measures. The management employs autocratic leadership leading to disengagement of the employees (Dgj 2015). It also lacks employee development strategies to enhance their capabilities and motivational levels. Under the Contract Law, the company could sue Peter for Breach of Contract and lack of Due Diligence. Peter having signed the Contract of Employment at inception was bound to uphold the Company’s terms and condition of service which trickled to Breach of Contract. His absenteeism and work misbehaviors contributed to lack of care and conscientiousness which he could face lack of Due Diligence (Dgj 2015). The consultants abused their work ethics in a big way. First of all, they applauded Peter Gibbons misbehaviors like absconding work, coming late and neglecting the company’s dress code. Additionally, Milton relocation to the

Seperate Subjects, 1 page each Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Seperate Subjects, 1 page each - Essay Example Through exploration of these ratios using statistics, can help in limiting the inter-industry effect of inflation. Statistics also help in giving data in a summary form the prices of foreign currencies. This information is useful in controlling inflation rate from outside the country, and thus leads to the success of domestic industries. Statistics are helpful when doing comparison of different economy sectors or organizations Sai Ram Centre for Financial Management Research, 2006). Multinational Companies carry out Research and Development (R&D) to determine their share of R&D in foreign countries. By comparing the ratios, the MNCs are able understand which sector or organization to give more effort in terms of resources, or which country to increase their share of R&D. This has boosted many business organizations as R&D has helped to come up with innovative means of doing business Sai Ram Centre for Financial Management Research, 2006). To increase shareholder value in an organization, correlation is used to quantify association of the shareholder value and the earnings per share or net income. Statistics are important in valuation and monitoring of business operational alternatives (Narayanan, 2004). From previously recorded statistics a manger can alter or adjust a business strategy. However, in making decision regarding the shareholder value, the share price should not be used to make decision as this has no causation relationship with the shareholder value (Glene, 2003). Scenario forecasting is important in any organization that wishes to have a successful planning in future. Scenario forecast prompts team members in an organization to think outside the box by trying to anticipate dynamics that may affect business activities or the team. Scenario forecast goes past simple, straight-line extrapolation of the project performance of a company to portray how different factors interact to

Childhood Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Childhood Obesity - Essay Example I am mentoring my kid to follow a healthy lifestyle as her parents do to avoid weight gain (Overweight and Obesity 2010). Some of the other causes for obesity among children are attributed to complex interactions between several environmental, social and policy context that impact eating habits and physical activity. In the past decades, these factors have collectively contributed to create an adverse environment that is against the environment to maintain health and weight. The unhealthy environment has evolved as a result of suburban and urban designs that do not encourage physical activities and walking. Pressure on families to reduce the cost of food and preparation time has resulted in frequent consumption of readymade food rich in fat and calories. Obesity has become a menace to the society due to less affordability and access to vegetables, fruits and nutritious food for some communities. There is less opportunity for physical activity after school and at school since students opt to reduce walking by using bikes from and to school. Children prefer to follow a sedentary lifestyle by spending time before the screen without spending leisure time outdoors. Psychosocial problems: Young people are likely to develop issues like self-blame, foster shame and have low self esteem that impairs social and academic functioning. These problems will be carried by the child to adolescence and adulthood. Approximately, sixty percent of overweight children are in the age five to ten with a minimum of one cardiovascular risk like insulin, hyper cholesterol, blood pressure or triglycerides. Around 25 percent children have two or more of these risks factors. For a child born in the US, the lifetime risk of having type 2 diabetes is 40 percent for girls and 30 percent for boys and the risk is higher for children in specific ethnic minority

OB report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

OB report - Essay Example However, change management is also a part of increasing motivation, which should also be considered. McDonalds has to take immediate actions if the company wants to enhance the motivation level of its employees. The purpose of the report is to evaluate the factors that drive towards demotivation of the employees working in McDonalds. The aim of the report is to give possible solutions to the motivational issues faced by McDonalds based on motivational theories. The focus of this study is to find out the different opinions and perspectives of the employees working in McDonalds. Employees working in countries like UK, US, China & Germany, are facing many problems, which leads to demotivation. Employee views are always in contradiction with employers, and this contradiction creates issues and conflicts. Thus, the study is focused to find out the factors leading to demotivation and analyse the possible solutions concerned. McDonalds, as an organisation is serving 70M customers globally and the company has employed around 1.9M people globally (McDonalds, 2014a). Thus, research of a multinational company will help in increasing the knowledge about foreign boundaries and parameter. Moreover, the â€Å"McDonalds Legislation† which was acquired by McDonalds is new legislation in the global context. Thus, research on such organization will help in understanding the pattern as they become trendsetter. McDonalds is a huge name as a foodservice retailer globally. McDonalds has over 35,000 locations serving 70M customers globally in 100 countries. Independent owners operate more than 80% of the McDonalds franchises (McDonalds, 2014b). The goal of McDonalds is to become the customer’s favourite dinning place where they can get their core favourites (Singer, 2014). McDonalds acquire â€Å"McDonalds Legislation† according to which they can pay 20% less to the teenage employees

Values of Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

Values of Early Childhood Education Essay Research Proposal The purpose of my proposed study is to analyze the values of early childhood education in the public schools system. There are several things that I hope to accomplish by conducting this research. This research will further illustrate how a sound foundation on certain skills enhances the readiness for those students entering kindergarten. This research will also provide possible solutions for kindergarten retention rates in the public schools system. I plan to investigate the answers to my questions using data, personal interviews with teachers, research based journals and magazines. I plan to utilize documents such as report cards and standardized test scores from schools. There are several sub-questions that I plan to examine such as: How and when do we know a child is ready for kindergarten? What measures are being used to assess the readiness of kindergarten? Why does full-day kindergarten work? I am a Kindergarten teacher who has benefited greatly from having a sound foundation early in my academic career. Therefore, I will keep an open mind throughout this paper and only state facts based on information found during my research. Parents, teachers, and other school employees are concerned with the issue of kindergarten readiness in today’s youth. Some districts start students in kindergarten based strictly on age. Other districts start students in kindergarten based on student’s scores from kindergarten screening tests. The screening tests are frequently administered by inexperienced employees (West). It is very difficult for a child to be confronted by a stranger, and perform several different tasks in a pressured testing atmosphere. Although these two ways have worked in our country for years, times are changing. Full-day kindergarten is also a growing trend throughout the nation that has had a positive impact on kindergarten retention nationwide (Atkins-Burnett and Meisels 37). This seems to be making up for the lack of unity in the kindergarten admission throughout the United States. Although it seems to be patching up everything properly this should not be used to patch up the mistakes of the way we decide on a child’s readiness to enter kindergarten. Mrs. Cheryl Mueller, former director of the Center for Child Development on the campus of Southern Mississippi in Hattiesburg, states that these screening tests are mostly developed locally and claim to test things that are not important to the readiness of a child in kindergarten. At the Center for Child Development where Mrs. Mueller previously worked, the teachers must administer an evaluation two times during the school year which tests the child’s knowledge on several different tasks that determine the child’s readiness(see figure 1). Mueller believes that a pre-k program is imperative for a child to be fully prepared for kindergarten at age five. This should be the standard nationwide (Mueller). The â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act† now in place across the country has raised the bar on pre-k classrooms nationwide. In 2006, pre-k school teachers were required to hold an associates’ degree (Tozer). With these standards being raised it ensured that proper education in a pre-k classroom would be take place and encourage more parents across the nation to get involved in placing their children in a pre-k program. This would significantly reduce the kindergarten retention rate says Mueller. There is no statewide standard, which prevents a lot of children from advancing to the first grade. The kindergarten retention rates continue to climb all over the country. The Education Statistics Services Institute states 40% of children that are retained in kindergarten are more likely to have behavioral problems, and set backs in social development with other children (West). This is why there should be four aspects that a district reviews in order to determine a child’s readiness for kindergarten including; social and emotional development, approaches to learning, communication, and cognitive development and general knowledge, and this should be a nationwide criteria. Social and emotional development in children of five years old is imperative in determining the readiness of a student for kindergarten. A student that is five years old, and ready for kindergarten should be able to do a certain check-list of activities including:  · Dresses self without help  · Tie shoelaces  · Balances on each foot  · Heel to toe walk  · Can count on fingers  · Knows own address and phone number  · Recognizes colors and common shapes  · Copies simple shapes (e. g. triangle or square)  · Able to print a few letters and numbers  · Draw a person with a head, body, arms, and legs  · Speaks in phrases that are understood by others  · Plays make believe and dress up  · Plays and shares with others  · Understands opposites  · Recalls parts of stories These are just some of the social and emotional aspects that should be nationally accepted to the guidelines for kindergarten readiness (Amos). These tasks should be evaluated by a pre-school teacher or by a highly qualified expert. A student’s developmental skills are also very important in evaluating a child’s readiness for kindergarten. They need to be able to complete several different tasks to function happily in the kindergarten classroom. These tasks include parts of speech and language, gross motor coordination, fine motor coordination, and social and emotional. In the speech and language section students need to ask meaning of words. This determines whether or not the child will be involved in the learning process in a classroom setting. The student must describe pictures and experiences. They must use appropriate verb tenses and grammar. This will ensure a core of knowledge for the kindergarten curriculum. Also, the student must recognize simple jokes, riddles, and absurdities. (Gisler and Eberts). The student’s gross motor coordination should also be an important factor in determining the child’s readiness for kindergarten. They must be able to walk downstairs using alternate feet, and hop on one-foot; this is to check the child’s balance and ability to walk. They must jump along a six- foot line with both feet. The student needs to be able to walk scissor steps across a line. Last, but not least, student must be able to begin to skip alternating feet. These evaluations are done in a few states nationwide. These evaluations do take place in certain districts in the state of Mississippi and are administered by properly trained educators. This needs to become a nationwide standard. (Williams) The next part of the evaluation should include fine motor coordination including using scissors to cut a straight line. It seems like an easy task but as a kindergarten teacher witnessing it first hand everyday; it is hard for students to complete this task. The child needs to copy a circle, square, and cross. This is to make sure the child is ready to learn extensive penmanship. This is also where students need to draw a person with a body, a head, and four limbs. This is not to see if there is an artist in the making, yet to see if children comprehend parts of the human body, and to see if they can distinguish their basic shapes. The final portion of this part of the evaluation should be social and emotional. This would include the child handling snaps, buckles, zippers, and possess the beginning knowledge of shoe tying. The child should be fully potty trained, and should independently take care of their own business in the bathroom. They should be able to dress and undress independently. This is very imperative especially with the laws and regulations between a student/ teacher relationship from kindergarten and beyond (Schweinhart and Zongping). A child also needs to be able to function in structured group activities with rules and discipline. The student needs to have sympathy for others in all situations. And, of course the golden rule, â€Å"Sharing is caring† all students need to partake in sharing and taking turns. If a child can complete these tasks they will be ready and able for the task at hand. â€Å"A child who is socially ready for school should be able to make friends, gets along with peers, and communicates well with teachers. Children who arrive at kindergarten with social competencies generally have an easier time forming relationships with their peers and better school outcomes† (Elovson 27). Dr. Elvoson has a good handle on this situation. The social aspect is often overlooked in most kindergarten evaluation tests, if the district even has any such test. A kindergartener should be able to ease in joining others in play, have an ability to make and keep friends, and positively interact with peers. There is a large percentage of students who interact with their peers who show positive social behaviors while a very small percentage show poor social development. Full-day kindergarten is a trend nationwide that is helping with the oversights, or lack of kindergarten evaluations. Full-day kindergarten has made state standards and standardized testing more advanced so, that at age five children will attain more knowledge academically, in better preparation for the first grade. It also gives teachers more time to get to know their students, and individualize their instruction. In turn, it gives students more time to learn all the academics that kindergarteners are required to learn. Having students in class over twenty hours a week has produced the increased studying of, all subject matter including: math, social studies, and science every day (Walston). This is preventing kindergarten retention. Kindergarten retention is another serious problem that could be avoided if we increased the rigor of the content on kindergarten evaluations. The pre-k tests that are administered at educational institutions such as the Center for Child Development Center in Hattiesburg takes the gross motor, fine motor, psycho/social, self-help, cognitive, homework, and reading/writing categories and put them into a mini-evaluation as shown in figure one. This is what every state should do for the kindergarten evaluation. In figure one a sheet is shown where the teachers that do the evaluation are told to show children ten colors. The children must point them out and recall the colors without any help from the instructor. Then, the child must pick out four shapes, and tell the instructor the names of four shapes. Next, the student is asked to count to ten. Following counting the numbers aloud the student must then look at flash cards of the numbers and distinguish them apart by name without any help from the instructor. The final step of part two in the evaluation consists of the alphabet. The students must say the entire alphabet without singing the alphabet. This is difficult even for adults. Then the students must recognize the alphabet as shown with flash cards, with again, no help for the instructor. These evaluations seem to work very well, and 95% of the Center for Child Development students goes on to pass kindergarten successfully (Mueller). In conclusion, there are some of these same techniques taking place in different parts of the United States today. Education is an essential part of growing up. Many children begin school at the age of 5 or 6, when they usually enter kindergarten. Kindergarten is where the foundation is set for a child’s long term educational progress. Some view kindergarten as a baby stage that is not important, but really it’s the first step that a child takes into the real world. The skills learned in kindergarten will be carried with the child forever. â€Å"Most of what I really need to know about how to live, and what to do, and how to be, I learned in kindergarten. Wisdom was not at the top of the graduate school mountain, but there in the sand box at nursery school† (Fulghum 4). However, children’s learning capabilities are at there peak at earlier ages than that. Preschool is the special tool for an educated future, but few people pay attention to or care about preschool’s potential benefits. Children are valuable to the future of the country, but the government has largely ignored them. At the Federal level, the government should make it a law that every child should enter preschool and also create free preschools available to all families. Preschool is a tool that would improve our children’s performance in school by giving them a head start in education, lower the risk of being placed in special education or being held back a grade, developing social skills, and lowering the crime rate. Although you might think that preschool is just a place for parents to drop off their children while they are at work for the day, you’re wrong. It is in preschool where children learn the necessary skills needed to succeed in school and in life. It’s not only the children who reap the benefits of early childhood education; their parents, fellow peers, and even society feel the positive effects of quality preschool programs. Children enrolled in quality preschool programs are more likely to succeed academically and socially when they are older. In preschool your child will listen to poetry and songs building blocks needed to grasp phonics and reading skills when it is developmentally appropriate. The play that takes place with water, sand, and containers gives them the foundation for understanding some basic math concepts. Matching, sequencing, one-to-one correspondence are all activities that are done over and over in preschool settings and help children get ready to learn academics. Judy Packer, a pre-k teacher at French Elementary School in Jackson says, â€Å"Children learn more in their early years than they ever will again. With the dissolution of the extended family, the best way to support early learning is with publicly funded pre-K. † Quality pre-K programs helps children by helping them accomplish something all families want for them: success in K-12. School success in turn, is a path to life success – to children’s ability to graduate from high school, support themselves as adults, to own homes, stay out of trouble with the law, and eventually raise their own families. Referring back to Graduation by Maya Angelou she briefly described what it felt like to graduate from high school, as she tells the story, the importance of this day for Angelou grows beyond that of the typical graduation. These days preschool has a big impact on whether a student will graduate or not. Quality preschool boosts our K-12 schools by laying a learning foundation that enables children to arrive at kindergarten ready to learn, play and build on their self confidence. Preschool lifts a burden off our K-12 public schools by ensuring that all children have the chance to start strong in school. Kindergarten teachers know from experience what a positive contribution preschool makes toward children’s success in school, also the kindergarten teachers see first hand the difference between kids who have experienced quality preschool and those who haven’t. References Amos, Denise. â€Å"No More Nappy Time-Kindergarten’s Serious†. Enquirer 06 April. 2005: 4-7 Atkins-Burnett, Sally, and Samuel J. Meisels. Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention. New York: Cambridge, 2000. Elovson, Allana PhD. The Kindergarten Survival Handbook: The Before School Checklist a Guide for Parents. New York: Parent Ed Resources, 1993 Fulghum, Robert. All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten. New York: Ballantine, 1986 Gisler, Peggy Ed. S. , and Marge Eberts Ed. S.. â€Å"Education Q A with†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Family Education Online (2005): 4 pars. 17 Nov. 2005 Meisels, S. J. , S. Atkins-Burnett, and J. Nicholson. â€Å"Assessment of social Competence, Adaptive behaviors, and Approaches to Learning with Young Children. † National Center for Education Statistics (1996) 6 Nov. 2005 Mueller, Cheryl. Conference Call. 5 March. 2009 Packer, Judy. Personal Interview. 24 March. 2009 Schweinhart, Lawrence J., and Xiang Zongping. â€Å" The Michigan School Readiness Program Evaluation through Age 10. † High Scope Ed (2002):3-9. 23 Nov. 2005 Tozer, Steven E. , Guy Senese, and Paul C. Violas. School and Society Historical Contemporary Perspectives fifth edition. New York: McGraw, 2002. Walston, Jill. Education Statistics Services Institute 28 June 2004-cited in Ellovoson West, Jerry. â€Å"Delaying Kindergarten: Effects on Test Scores and Childcare Costs. † Education Week Magazine 27 Feb 2004:1-3 West, Jerry. Education Statistics Services Institute 07 June 2004-cited in Ellovoson.

How Does Child Labour Effect Society Young People Essay

How Does Child Labour Effect Society Young People Essay In order to overcome our daily living needs we need to work and earn according to individual capacities. In a healthy society individual perform their role according to their age, capabilities and health condition. In contradiction to this, many of the children are deprived of their basic right of freedom and education and they are compelled to start work in a very early age. They are paid very less so they start to work long hours in order to full fill their needs. This causes compromise in normal physiology. So it starts to affect every aspect of life from health, education and off course the socioeconomic status, thus automatically affecting the family and the whole society. According to Freedman (1998), Child labor is Work done by kids full-time under the age of 15. Work that prevents kids from attending school, such as unlimited or unrestricted domestic work. Work that is dangerous for kids and that is hazardous to their physical, mental or emotional health. There are number of children who are engaged in different kind of labours. According to International Labour Organization (2009), in Pakistan there are 40 million children age between 5- 14 years and among them 3.3 million children are engaged in labour. There are many serious social issues which are not yet addressed properly and not getting attention from the public, media and the government. Child labor is one of them. I would be highlighting few of the impact of child labour on the society with the help of a story of a boy who suffered from child labour at the age of 8 years. This story was told by one of my friend. I was born in a very low socioeconomic class. I am the only son to my parents and elder to my three sisters. My father was a laborer and worked for a company on a daily wages. Still we were spending prosperous life in our limited resources and I had the opportunity to get admission in a school. It seemed that education and comfort was there for my first eight year only as my father expired on road traffic accident. After this tragic movement my mother who at that time was expecting fourth child started working for the same company to overcome our financial needs, but she couldnt continue it for longer and has to quit it as she had end up with serious gynecological issue which I hardly remember. One my relative suggested my mother to send me to work as she thought that was healthier than my mother and can earn enough if worked with dedication so I was referred to a gentleman who had an automobile workshop near by my house. I had cross by this workshop multiple times but didnt ever think of the life there. So many MACHINES (which I call it at that time), three men wearing unique costumes busy in fixing things together, very strong smell of different nature which couldnt stop me to cover my nose for a while till one of them asked me to come to him in his autocratic voice. The sooner I get there he asked me wash an instrument and instruct me not to make it fall. That was so slippery but I did manage to wash it and get a smile from him. This helped me to believe that they are also human being. By the end of the day I get my first pay for the day which at that time my mother thought is enough for us and it was wise decision to quit mu school and get into job. Oh yes I did show my dedication towards my work and by the time I was ten years old I had started to do overtime twice a week to overcome my familys increasing need. I get very much used to the routines and was able to do stuff like cleaning, oil application and fixing very easily, so it was easy for me to work for longer hours without any complaints. I was able to handle scolds and verbal abuses from my seniors and was luckily safe from an accident in which I could have lost my right arm. Things never remain the same and I have entered in my late twenties no more dedication to work and family, I have chosen my own way which gives me pleasure and Im not alone as well, have my own group of deprived friends. We work for a person to transport opium to different places, he is happy with my work provide me all the drugs without witch I cant think of life. I have no regrets and I think I was born to get here. This issue has a great negative impact on individual and family life. It starts to effect health right from the beginning where the working environment comes. The environment plays a very crucial part in maintaining optimum health especially in early developmental age. In this age a child is very much susceptible to catch infections, acquire unhealthy behaviors and at a very much risk for physical and mental disability. Lawrence (2007), Healthy children grow into healthy adults. The health of our children is one of the most important investments that we can make and should be among our top priorities. In the above story the person is not playing its role as a healthy individual e.g. getting into drugs not only spoil his own health but also harmful to others. Not supporting the family can be cause of another social issue that his sisters may involve in other unhealthy practices for their survival. This becomes an unbreakable chain, unless it is addressed at family society and country level. There are many causes of child labour e.g. poverty, illiteracy and least concerned parents. But to me the most important cause of child labour is the economic instability of the country. In an economically stable country there would be no unemployment issues, people will get proper salary secured job, health and education benefits. There are certain situations in which accommodation and negotiation is difficult but not impossible, like the example of the child in the above mentioned story he was left with no other option except to get a work and to support the family. Serious action taken by the family and the country starting from base could help reduce in child labour. In need child can work but its his right that he should be provided particular hours and adequate salary by the employer so that there will be no need of overtime and he has the time to rest and prevent exhaustion. If these issues are not taken care it start to affect the economy of a country as a whole, and there wi ll be no contribution by the people to countrys economy. People will be living in hand to mouth condition and will be not able to identify countrys strength and hidden recourses causing economic recession and affecting whole society as well as globally. Least concerned parents, illiteracy and unawareness these are all directly linked to educational level of the society. Uneducated parents do not understand the value of education and have no priority for it. Without knowing the consequences they encourage their children to engage in labour and quit education which hinders the society growth by providing less educated people. Thus people become resistant to change and there is no advancement in the field which they are working. In this way the country is deprived of their human power. Parents education also counts when it comes to speak for their right and they can identify that if their child is being misused by the employer or the child is getting in to unhealthy habits. In Pakistan the Employment of Children Act 1991, describes almost all the condition in which a child can work and prohibition of work in certain hazardous environment and long working hour. According to Pakistan National Statics, more than two-third of child is working in the agricultural sector, 1.2 million Children are bonded in the carpet factories.   35 million soccer balls stitched in Pakistan, children produce one quarter of the balls, most of them as bonded servants. Child labour does affect the whole society in every aspect. Making the law is the not the solution is not the solution to overcome it. The law should be practical enough so that it can be practiced. It has to have a check and balance also, to make sure its applicability. Strict action should be taken against them who misuse child by providing very less incentives and unhealthy work place. They underlying cause should be identified first so that alternative arrangement could be done. E.g. what if the child is the only earning member of the family, if he is stop by doing work the remaining whole family suffer from it. Since it is not an overnight process it can be reduced by using the accommodation and negotiation according to situation. REFFERENCES: Freedman, Lewis. (1998). Kids At Work: Lewis Hine And The Crusade Against Child Labor. Retrieved from, http://www.nynetresources.org/Future%20Grant%20Projects/Projects/Child%20Labor/childlabor1.htm International Labour Organization. (1998). Retrieved from, http://www.oit.org/legacy/english/regions/asro/newdelhi/ipec/index.htm Lawrence, D., Deirdre, I. (2007). Environmental Injustice: Childrens Health. Pediatrics, 3, 5. Employment of Children Act, (1991). Retrieved from http://www.albarrtrust.com/Al%20Baar%20Web/SCAN%20RULES/Employment%20of%20Children%20Act,%201991.pdf Pakistan National Statistics. (1999). Retrieved from, http://www.globalmarch.org/worstformsreport/world/pakistan.html

New Trends for Application Interoperability in Romania

New Trends for Application Interoperability in Romania HEALTH VERTICAL MARKET Silviu Cojocaru PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, [emailprotected] Camelia Cojocaru PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, [emailprotected]   1. Introduction The Internet’s development has fundamentally affected the architecture of informatics management systems, causing substantial changes in the way that this category of solutions is distributed and reached. This considering, one could say that gaining access to economical applications through a simple Web browser came as a necessity in a world that is characterized by dynamism and by the globalization of economical phenomena [Aamodt, 1996]. So, in the 90s, the main trend in application development was offering support and accessibility – for computers that had an internet connection – to a wide range of informational resources (databases and more) and applications. The testimony for this is the multitude of languages and technologies that allow the easy development of database exploitation applications through a simple Web browser. This is why scripting languages that run on servers (ASP and its follower ASP.Net; PHP; JSP etc.), are now mature technologies, that of fer the possibility of developing complex Web technologies. This technologies’ existence has caused changes in informational necessities and in the equipments users need. Nowadays internet connections are available not only to computers, but also to a multitude of equipment such as mobile phones and other hand-held devices. Considering these necessities, creating a universal language became a dire need [McAfee,2005]. XML is the answer to these requests, and is a new stage in the informational age, easing the data exchange between different equipments. Beside the possibility of transferring data onto these heterogeneous platforms there was also the need of creating a way of communication between them. The answer to these priorities is the Web Services technology, which is now the most efficient way of cross-application Internet communication. 2. Literature review Web services are a standardized way of distributing Internet applications and fundamental technologies that are at the basis of this network. Also, web services offer the possibility of interconnecting a wide range of applications, which are available on different platforms and in several worldwide locations. One could say that Web technologies became an Esperanto of application communication, as the new technology opens the gate towards a new age dominated by intelligent applications that make smart decisions and Internet searches, as a basis for well-balanced decisions [Agosta,2000]. Therefore, supposing that we wish to build an expert system that manages a share portfolio, we need to keep in mind that such a system cannot function without constant market quotation updates. Plus, making an optimal decision for selling or buying is a matter of minutes, and this highly influences the efficiency of the system. If a decade ago this system was very complicated due to the lack of efficient means of cross application communication, after the development of Web applications, it became much easier. One would have to develop the classic portfolio management expert and then the link to the outside world would be this paper’s technology. The data containing the quotations will be transmitted via Internet through a web service developed by the stock market. By using the functions and procedures exposed by this Web services, the right parameters can be transmitted, and the stock market informational system will return the requested information. Plus, all of the exposed functions of the stock market system will become a part of the developed applications, and will be called for as similarly developed procedures. You will be able to schedule the automatic checking of stock market quotations and the permanent update of the local database. Things could move even further, with the possibility of inclosing a Web service for the brokerage society that would allow the expert system to not only makes the optimal choice but to implement the decision taken. This example shows how optimal communication automation actually works and how human intervention becomes unnecessary. This has a decisive role in eliminating intentional and non-intentional human errors from the entire process (Jacobides,2000). 3. Service Oriented Architecture XML or eXtended Markup Language is the basis for all of the elements behind the Web Services technologies. Considering the independence from the platform, XML is the engine behind internet data transfers, and the fundament of Web services. XML is in fact â€Å"the brother† of HTML (HyperText Markup Language), as the two have a series of resemblances. But there are some distinctions that cannot be overseen. First of all, they have a common origin SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), a general language that, through mechanisms similar to those of classic grammar, offers users the possibility of electronically structuring their data [Airinei,1995]. So, practically, HTML uses a set of tags which fine the way that the information will be displayed in the browser. The set of HTML tags is limited and not Customizable, and is generated through SGML technologies. Under these conditions, there is no way for you to customize you set of tags, and this lack of flexibility is an important restraint in some cases. So, with applications that use databases, using HTML is improper for transmitting data. Unlike HTML, XML offers users the possibility of building their own set of tags which can be used for formatting the document. This offers a high level of flexibility, as this element is necessary in defining specialized electronic documents. Normally, you may wonder: if a general language existed SGML, why was there a need for XML? The answer is simple – by its nature, SGML is a highly complex language, and is very hard to use on a large scale, so a simplifies system was created in the form of XML (Alter 2000,2002). Figure 1 – Interoperability for Application Web services are built on fundamental Internet technologies. So, for transmitting Internet technologies, these solutions use standard HTTP protocol (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and the transferred data is cased in XML files. Considering that both technologies are basic Internet elements, they will ensure the accessibility of the applications on any available platform. Unlike Web services, its predecessors had the main disadvantage of not offering such a wide portability range. Therefore, DCOM and CORBA were not accepted by all ITC solution providers, and this would determine limits in their usage. Considering the heterogeneity of the Internet, a technology needs to be supported by the widest possible range of users for it to be considered a universal Internet technology [5]. Plus, DCOM and CORBA technologies use binary files for transferring data and communicating between applications, and this contributes to a lower portability. Unlike these, Web services use XML for data transfer, which consist in simple text files, ensuring a maximum range of portability. Web services use port 80 which is the standard assignation for the HTTP protocol. In comparison, the 2 alternative technologies use their own protocols for transmitting data, and this determines the necessity for additional ports on the application server. In a world that is dominated by the n eed for a higher security level, this disadvantage of the CORBA and DCOM technologies could have a negative impact over the entire In conclusion, one could consider that the widespread of Web technologies in the past years comes from their compatibility with the two generally accepted technologies HTTP and XML. Considering there advantages, the specialists from IDC (a company for surveying and analyzing the ITC environment) consider that Web services will become the fundamental way of application distribution, surpassing all other alternative ways of application distribution (Damsgaard, 2000). Web services are a great part of the most important application development instruments. Microsoft, Oracle or IBM –not necessarily in this order – are the main promoters of this way of application distribution, integrating advanced development instruments for serving these purposes (Forrester Research,2009). This paper has chosen Microsoft’s development environment Visual Studio.Net. I have made this choice considering its advantages as well as its wide spread among developers in our country and abroad. The .Net version of Visual Studio, that was launched in the beginning of the year, offers an efficient way of development and of integrating Web services into one’s own applications. Considering that XML stands at the basis of these technologies, most available instruments are now using this language. We must add that the ADO.NET (ActiveX Data Object) object collection, used in developing database applications, is based exclusively on this language (Iyer,2003). Also, the new version proposes a common software framework (.Net Framework) that offers the possibility of accessing the libraries similarly by any application that has been written in a language that is compatible with this platform. Therefore, the environment shows a common application development framework, and the common element is CLR (Common Language Runtime). CLR translates any application that has been written in a language that is compatible with the technology into an intermediate language – Microsoft I ntermediate Language (IL). The applications that are available in this intermediate method can be transferred and executed onto the desired platform. This platform currently offers 21 application development languages, starting with the classic Cobol and ending with the modern C#. Our example used Visual Basic.Net. (Là ¶wer,1995) Web services will be provided using ASP.Net technology (Active Server Page). ASP is one of the main Web technologies, offering the development of dynamic web pages with database support. The latest version (ASP.Net), offers as a main novelty the possibility of creating and distributing web services. Plus, another set of facilities is included, and here are the most important ones: The possibility of separating the main code of the application from the static representation code of the pages that has been written in HTML; ASP.Net applications can be created in one of the 21 available languages; ASP.Net offers a complete set of server run controls, and this contributes to a better application interface. Figure 2 .NET Framework Architecture 4. Research The research was realised for 38 companies that are between the first 200 from Romania considering the 2010 turnover and its main purpose was to identify how the interoperability technologies were implemented. The enterprises come from different fields, such as financial-banking, telecommunications, retail and industry. The study was developed during December 2011-February 2012 and included a set of questions, from which we mention the most important. Did you implement / Do you plan to implement a technological solution dedicated to integrated informatics system interoperability within the enterprise? 65% of the companies implement solutions for the interoperability of informatics systems, and the rest of 35% plan to implement these solutions within one year. Did the interoperability technologies contribute to the improvements of processes within the enterprise? Those companies that use the interoperability systems have come to the conclusion that interoperability technologies lead a major role for the improvements of processes. 95% of the companies have registered increased efficiency. More than 60% of the companies have registered an increased performance within the company, as well as a faster adherence to certain imposed standards. Do you use integrated informatic systems with business partners? Although most of the companies apply informatic systems destined to the interoperability of internal informatic systems, the integration with the business partners is extremely reduced. Only 6% of the companies use components that allow the interoperability of their systems with their business partners’. The main reason for this low integration is determined by the lack of national or industry standards. Are the systems within the company integrated with those of public institutes? Only 1% of the participants have informatic systems in integration with those of the public institutions (such as city halls, fiscal administration, etc.). The main reason for this situation is the lack of national standards for the systems integration with different public authorities. The lack of these standards and also the frequent changes are also the reason for the low level of implementation. Which are the integrated systems categories? The most frequent system integrations are related to web-based systems and different e-business categories (business-to-business or business-to-customer) with ERP systems (Enterprise Resource Planning) implemented by enterprises. In the financial-banking department, the integration is between the Internet Banking and core-banking systems. 5. Conclusions and implications We are living in a world that is dominated by the need for interoperability between different informational systems running on different platforms. Under these circumstances, Web services are the technology able of efficiently solving this problem. The simplicity of Web services (simplicity that results from the compatibility with basic Internet technologies) ensures the universal acceptance of this solution as a way of communicating between applications. Plus, the relatively simple way of developing these elements will undoubtedly lead to their becoming widespread. Visual Studio.Net, by its integrated development instruments, became one of the main solutions serving this purpose. References Aamodt, A., and Plaza, E. (1996). Case-Based Reasoning: Foundational Issues, Methodological Variations and System Approaches Agosta, L. (2000). From data to insight: the critical path to data mining, a short history of data mining. PC/AI, Sept/Oct, 16-21. Airinei, D. Problemes concernant la generalisation des systems experts dans les activites financieres et comptables, The Proceedings of the 2-nd International Symposium of EconomiInformatics, May, 1995. Alexander J., Hollis B. (2002) Developing Web applications with Visual Basic .NET and ASP.NET, John Wiley and Sons. Alter, S. (2000) A taxonomy of Decision Support Systems. Sloan Management Review. Alter, S. (2002) Decision Support Systems; Current Practices and Continuing Challenges. Addison Wesley, Reading MA. Damsgaard, J. and True, D. (2000). Binary Trading Relations and the Limits of Edi Standards: The Procrustean Bed of Standards. European Journal of Information Systems, 9 (3), 173-188. Forrester Research Inc. 2009. The Value of a Comprehensive Integration Solution. Forrester Research Inc. Iyer, B., Freedman, J., Gaynor, M. and Wyner, G. (2003). Web Services: Enabling Dynamic Business Networks. Communications of the AIS, 11, 525-554. Jacobides, M.G. and Billinger, S. (2006). Designing the Boundaries of the Firm: From â€Å"Make, Buy, or Ally† to the Dynamic Benefits of Vertical Architecture. Organization Science, 17 (2), 249-261. Là ¶wer, U.M. (2005). Interorganisational Standards: Managing Web Services Specifications for Flexible Supply Chains. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg. McAfee, A. (2005). Will Web Services Really Transform Collaboration? MIT Sloan Management Review, 46 (2), 78-84.

Mathematical Models of Spacetime in Contemporary Physics and Essential Issues of the Ontology of Spacetime :: Physics Papers

Mathematical Models of Spacetime in Contemporary Physics and Essential Issues of the Ontology of Spacetime ABSTRACT: The general theory of relativity and field theory of matter generate an interesting ontology of space-time and, generally, of nature. It is a monistic, anti-atomistic and geometrized ontology — in which the substance is the metric field — to which all physical events are reducible. Such ontology refers to the Cartesian definition of corporeality and to Plato's ontology of nature presented in the Timaeus. This ontology provides a solution to the dispute between Clark and Leibniz on the issue of the ontological independence of space-time from distribution of events. However, mathematical models of space-time in physics do not solve the problem of the difference between time and space dimensions (invariance of equations with regard to the inversion of time arrow). Recent research on space-time singularities and asymmetrical in time quantum theory of gravitation will perhaps allow for the solution of this problem based on the structure of space-time and not merely on thermodynamics. Since the General Theory of Relativity is a fundamental model of spacetime, most often used as a starting point for a physicists' research, I will begin my analysis with an attempt to formulate the consequences of the GTR for spacetime ontology and, generally, ontology of nature. The preliminary remark, however, has epistemological character. The formulation of the GTR resulted in definite fall of a dogmatic thesis of distinguished value of the 3-dimensional Euclidean geometry, as the only geometrical structure, adequate for a description of nature. This thesis was formulated explicitly by Kant, who considered this structure to be apriori form of inspection, and as such it was to validate the science. Kant's epistemology was created mainly to validate science, whose best developed part was embodied in the classical mechanics. However, the attitude of the authors of the field theory of matter towards Kant's epistemology was not negative at all, which can be proved by the words of Weyl , who, although confessed that in himself a philosopher had been dominated by a mathematician, began his work Space, Time, Matter with philosophical considerations devoted to the question of time and space, considerations comparable to those of Kant. The formulation of the General Theory of Relativity was of major importance for the spacetime ontology, mainly because it ended the famous debate between Clarke and Leibniz concerning the ontological status of spacetime. In this debate Clarke defended the Newton's position in which he emphasized ontological independence of time and space with regard to physical events.

Lesch Nyhan Syndrome :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lesch Nyhan Syndrome Lesch Nyhan Syndrome (LNS) was first reported in 1964 by Michael Lesch and William L. Nyhan. It is a rare disorder located on the x chromosome. It is a sex-linked trait, which means that it is passed from mother to son. This condition can be inherited or occur spontaneously as a result of a genetic mutation. It usually appears once in every 100,000 male births. Since the defective gene is recessive, females almost never exhibit symptoms of the disease. However, they can be carriers of the allele.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lesch Nyhan is associated with an almost complete absence of the enzyme HGPRTase (hypoxanthene guanine phosphoribosil transferase). This is the enzyme that recycles hypoxanthen and guanine, which are two of the genetic building blocks. When this enzyme is not present, the hypoxanthen and guanine are converted into excessive uric acid. Children around four to six months old are usually diagnosed with LND when orange, sand like uric acid crystals are observed in their diapers. These crystals cause painful urination, arthritis and kidney stones as they build up in various areas of the body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LNS had many symptoms. Affected people manifest developmental delays, seizures, spacticiy, speech impairment and moderate retardation. The victims usually fall within a 40-80 IQ range. By four years of age the children usually start to exhibit the most well-known symptom of Lesch Nyhan; self-mutilization. The patients begin practicing physical mutilization and hurting themselves through indirect emotional injuries. These behaviors seem to grow as the children get older and become more physically capable of inflicting self-injury and more mentally capable of thinking up new ways to hurt themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early forms of self-mutilization include biting of the tongue and cheeks, gouging the nose and eyes, rubbing various body parts raw, and banging the head, arms, and legs on things. Another realm of abnormal behavior associated with LNS is manifested as indirect or emotional self-injury. Individuals with these symptoms are compelled to hurt and abuse themselves and the people they care for most. They lash out at parents, teachers and aides. A few examples of this behavior include kicking and head butting as they are being dressed or bathed, cursing without provocation, spitting, vomiting or spilling drinks on care providers. After performing these behaviors, the individual will apologize profusely, only to repeat the offending behavior shortly thereafter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientists have come to recognize this behavior as indirect attempts of self-injury.

Chris Van Allsburg Essay -- essays papers

Chris Van Allsburg Chris Van Allsburg has been named one of the most intriguing authors and illustrators of children’s books. He has a unique style that captivates children and adults alike. Often, a person’s background and experiences influence their work. Imagination has many roots into the childhood of an individual. Chris Van Allsburg grew up in a quiet suburban setting in Grand Rapids, Michigan. During the 1950’s, when he was a child, the town was a place that seemed like a haven for any young boy. There were open fields that provided places for the children to enjoy a baseball game in the spring. The houses were not separated by fences, but rather blended together by the yards. The setting in which he grew up provided activities and locations that fostered imagination. He used to go down to the edge of a river and tried to catch tadpoles. Walking around in the wilderness that surrounded his town could be very relaxing and allow for the mind to conjure up many ideas. The child’s mind has a great ability to make up stories, but when you are constantly â€Å"practicing† at make-believe, you tend to become better and better at it. You also come to develop your own unique style. As a young boy Chris Van Allsburg enjoyed drawing. He loved to sit down and put his imaginative ideas to paper for his own viewing pleasure. In school and with his family he was not encouraged to spend so much time drawing and painting. Since he was a boy, he was encouraged to participate in sports more often. Chris Van Allsburg abandoned his passion for drawing and went along with the pressures of his family and friends. He would not discover his passion for a few more years. When Chris Van Allsburg entered college he took a freshman cours... ...books. His writing style, accompanied with the talented illustrations, makes for a great book. These are the types of books that a child would want to read over and over again. They are also appealing to adults, which would allow for a parent to spend some quality time reading with their children. I believe that Chris Van Allsburg was born with his incredible imagination. Through his drawings and through the courses he took in college he found his true passion. If weren’t for that chance meeting with his wife’s friend he might have never had the chance or the desire to write storybooks for children. Chris Van Allsburg Storybooks The Garden of Abdul Gasazi, 1979 Just a Dream, 1990 Ben’s Dream, 1982 The Polar Express, 1985 Two Bad Ants, 1988 The Wreck of the Zephyr, 1983 Jumanji, 1981 The Mysteries of Harris Bur*censored*, 1984 The Widow’s Broom, 1992

American Literature and English Language Teaching Essay

M. A. Course in English shall comprise 4 semesters. Each semester shall have 4 courses. In all, there shall be 16 courses of 5 credits each. Each course shall carry 100 marks. Of these, 70 marks shall be reserved for theory (end-Semester examination) and 30 marks for tutorials/seminars (internal assessment). However, in course 5, titled â€Å"Linguistics and English Language Teaching†, only 50 marks shall be reserved for theory (end-Semester examination), 20 marks for Practical/Viva-voce exam and 30 marks for tutorial/seminars (internal assessment). Of these courses, Course Nos. 1 to 11, 13 and 14 shall be treated as Core Courses, Course nos. 12 and 15 as Elective Courses and Course No. 16 as Allied Elective Course open even to the students of other departments/faculties. The starred items are meant for detailed study. The theory component of each paper shall be of three hours’ duration. Pattern of Question Papers 1]The pattern of question paper in respect of course nos. 1,8,11,13,14,15,16 (Indian Literature in Translation, Women Writing and European Literature in Translation) shall be as follows: Section A (a) Two Long-Answer-Type Questions (500 words each) with internal choice – 2Ãâ€"12=24 Section B. (b) Six Short-Answer-Type Questions (200 words each) out of nine questions– 6Ãâ€"6=36 Section C (c) Ten Objective-Type Questions to be answered in a word or sentence each – 10Ãâ€"1=10 2]The pattern of question paper in respect of course nos. 2,3,4,6,7,9,10,12,16 (New Literatures in English) shall be as follows: Section A (a) Two Long-Answer-Type Questions (500 words each) with internal choice – 2Ãâ€"12 =24 Section B (b) Three passages for explanation out of 5 passages from the starred items to be answered in 200 words each – –3Ãâ€"6 = 18 Section C (c) Three Short-Answer-Type Questions out of 5 questions to be answered in 200 words each – – 3Ãâ€"6 = 18. Section D d) Ten Objective-Type Questions to be answered in a word or sentence each – 10Ãâ€"1=10 3]The pattern of question paper in respect of Course No. 5 (Linguistics and English Language Teaching) shall be as follows: Section A (a) Two Long-Answer-Type Questions (500 words each) with internal choice – 2Ãâ€"10=20 Section B (b) Four Short-Answer-Type Questions (200 words each) out of six questions – 4Ãâ€"5=20 Section C (c) Ten Objective-Type Questions to be answered in a word or sentence each – 10Ãâ€"1=10 SEMESTER I Course 1: Introduction to Linguistics – ENG – 101 1. (a)Key properties of Language b) Language varieties. 2. (a)Major concerns of Psycholinguistics and Sociolinguistics b) Historical approach, Descriptive approach 3. Major concepts in Linguistics: a) Syntagmatic and Paradigmetic axes b) Differential Calculous c) Constituent Structure d) Transformations and Deep Structure 4. Stylistics, its methods and limitations. Course 2: Poetry I (Chaucer to Blake) – ENG – 102 Chaucer:Prologue to Canterbury Tales (Modern version) *Shakespeare’s Sonnets No. 18, 30, 63, 130 *Milton:Paradise Lost, Book I *Donne:The Blossom, The Canonization, The Good Morrow Marvell:To His Coy Mistress *Pope:The Rape of the Lock. *Gray:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard *Blake:The Tiger, Ah! Sun-flower Course 3: Drama I (Marlowe to Wilde excluding Shakespeare) – ENG – 103 *Webster:The Duchess of Malfi *Marlowe:Dr. Faustus *Jonson:The Alchemist Congreve:The Way of the World *Wilde:The Importance of Being Earnest Origin and Growth of the British Theatre Course 4: Prose– ENG – 104 *Bacon:Of Truth; Of Death; Of Adversity; Of Great Place; Of Parents and Children Addison & Steele:Of the Club; The Coverley Household; Labour and Exercise; Sir Roger at the Theatre (Coverley Papers from the Spectator, ed. K. Deighton, Macmillan). *Lamb:Christ Hospital; New Year’s Eve; Imperfect Sympathies *Carlyle:Hero as Man of Letters Russell:Science and War; Science and Values (from The Impact of Science on Society) Huxley:Tragedy and the Whole Truth (from W. E. Williams, ed. A Book of English Essays) SEMESTER II Course 5: Linguistics and English Language Teaching– ENG – 201 1. Phonology:(a) Speech mechanism and the Organs of Speech (b) Consonants, Vowels, Diphthongs (c) Phoneme (d) Stress, Intonation 2. Morphology:Morphemes: Words and Affixes 3. Syntax:(a) I. C. Analysis and its limits (b) Transformations of Movement, Addition, Substitution, Deletion. (c) Coordination and Subordination 4. English Language Teaching:(a) Direct Method (b) Audiolingual Method (c) Communicative Language Teaching (d) Error Analysis (e) Teaching skills of Language: listening, speaking, reading, writing. (f) Testing Course 6: Poetry II (Wordsworth to Arnold) – ENG – 202 *Wordsworth:The Prelude, Book I *Coleridge:Kubla Khan *Shelley:Adonais *Keats:Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn *Tennyson:Ulysses, The Lotos Eaters *Browning:Rabbi Ben Ezra, Porphyria’s Lover *Arnold:The Scholar Gypsy Course 7: Drama II (Shakespeare) – ENG – 203 Henry IV, Part I. Twelfth Night *Hamlet *The Tempest Shakespeare Criticism: Dr. Johnson, Bradley, Wilson Knight, Caroline Spurgeon, Stephen Greenblatt. Course 8: Fiction I (Defoe to Hardy) – ENG – 204 Defoe:Moll Flanders Fielding:Joseph Andrews Austen:Emma Dickens:Great Expectations Eliot:Middlemarch Hardy:Tess of the D’urbervilles SEMESTER III Course 9: Poetry III (Hopkins to Ted Hughes) – ENG – 301 *Hopkins:Pied Beauty; The Windhover; Carrion Comfort *Yeats:Sailing to Byzantium; Byzantium; No Second Troy; Coole Park and Ballyle *Eliot:The Waste Land *Auden:In Memory of W. B. Yeats; The Shield of Achilles. *Larkin:Church Going; Next, please; At Grass *Ted Hughes:The Thought-Fox; Hawk Roosting Course 10: Drama III (Twentieth Century Drama) – ENG – 302 *Shaw:Man and Superman *Yeats:Countess Cathleen *Eliot:Murder in the Cathedral *Beckett:Waiting for Godot *Pinter:The Birthday Party Course 11: Literary Criticism & Theory 1– ENG – 303 Aristotle:On the Art of Poetry Bharatamuni:On Natya and Rasa: Aesthetics of Dramatic Experience Anandavardhana:Dhvani: Structure of Poetic Meaning Dryden:Essay on Dramatic Poesy Wordsworth:Preface to Lyrical Ballads Coleridge:Biographia Literaria (Chs. XIII, XVII & XVIII) Arnold:The Study of Poetry (Essays in Criticism Book II) Course 12: Indian Literature in English I – ENG – EL-3. 1 *Tagore:Thou hast made me endless; Leave this chanting and singing; I am like a remnant of a cloud; In one salutation to thee (Gitanjali) *Sri Aurobindo:Savitri Book I Canto I (Passages for explanation to be set from the first 64 lines) *Girish Karnad:Nag-Mandala The following poets from Ten Twentieth Century Indian Poets ed. R. Parthasarathy (OUP): *Nissim Ezekiel:Poet, Lover, Birdwatcher; Background, Casually; Enterprise *Jayant Mahapatra:Grass, Lost. *A. K. Ramanujan:A River; Love Poem for a Wife I; Obituary *Kamala Das:My Grandmother’s House; A Hot Noon in Malabar; The Invitation OR American Literature I– ENG – EL-3. 2 The following from American Literature of the Nineteenth Century (Eurasia) and American Literature 1890-1965 (Eurasia): Emerson:The American Scholar, Self-Reliance, The Over-Soul Poe:*The Raven, The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition Whitman:*When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d, Passage to India *Wallace Stevens:The Emperor of Ice-cream, Sunday Morning. *Emily Dickinson:I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed, I Felt a Funeral in My Brain, The Soul Selects Her Own Society, Because I Could not Stop for Death, These Are the Days When Birds Come *Tennessee Williams:A Streetcar Named Desire Edward Albee:Zoo Story SEMESTER IV Course 13: Fiction II– ENG–401 Conrad:Heart of Darkness Woolf:Mrs. Dalloway Joyce:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Lawrence:Women in Love Kingsley Amis:Lucky Jim Course 14: Literary Criticism & Theory II – ENG – 402 Eliot:Tradition and the Individual Talent; The Function of Criticism; Hamlet (Selected Essays) Richards:Principles of Literary Criticism (Chs.IV-XV, XXI, XXXIV, XXXV and Appendix A – On Value) Ransom:A Note on Ontology (Twentieth Century Criticism: The Major Statements, eds. Handy and Westbrook) The following critics from David Lodge, ed. Modern criticism and Theory : A Reader (London : Longman, 1988) The following critics from David Lodge, ed. Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader (London: Longman, 1988) Saussure:Nature of the Linguistic Sign Derrida:Structure, Sign and Play in the discourse of the human Sciences Said:Crisis (in Orientialism) Showalter:Feminist criticism in the Wilderness Eagleton:Capitalism, Modernism and Postmodernism. Course 15: Indian Literature in English II – ENG – EL-4. 1 Mulk Raj Anand:Untouchable R. K. Narayan:The Financial Expert Raja Rao:The Serpent and the Rope Anita Desai:Voices in the City Salman Rushdie:Midnight’s Children Amitav Ghosh:The Shadow Lines Jawahar Lal Nehru:An Autobiography OR American Literature II – ENG – EL-4. 2 Hawthorne:The Scarlet Letter Melville:Billy Budd Faulkner:Light in August Hemingway:A Farewell to Arms Ralph Ellison:Invisible Man Saul Bellow:Humboldt’s Gift Course 16: Indian Literature in Translation – ENG – EL-4. 3 The following poets from Oxford Anthology of Modern Indian Poetry eds. Vinay Dharwadker & A. K. Ramanujan: Sitanshu Yashashchandra:Drought V Indira Bhavani:Avatars Ali Sardar Jafri:Morsel Paresh Chandra Raut:Snake Tagore:Homecoming; My Lord, The Baby Shrilal Shukla:Rag Darbari Tendulkar:Ghasiram Kotwal Ananthamurthy:Samskara Translation, Theory and Practice OR New Literatures in English – ENG – EL-4. 4 The following poets from An Anthology of Commonwealth Poetry ed. C D Narasimhaiah, Macmillan: *A. D. Hope:Australia; The Death of the Bird *Atwood:Journey to the Interior *A. K. Ramanujan:Death and the Good Citizen; Waterfalls in a Bank (The Collected Poems of A.K. Ramanujan, OUP) *Agha Shahid Ali:Showman; The Season of the Plains (Twelve Modern Indian Poets ed. A. K. Mehrotra, OUP) Chinua Achebe:Things Fall Apart V. S. Naipaul:A House for Mr. Biswas Wole Soyinka:The Road Patrick White:Voss Nadine Gordimer:The Burger’s Daughter OR Women Writing– ENG – EL-4. 5 The following poets from The Faber Book of 20th Century Women’s Poetry ed. Fleur Adcock: Margaret Atwood:Siren Song Adrienne Rich:Snapshots of a Daughter-in-Law U A Fanthorpe:Not My Best Side Sylvia Plath:Lady Lazurus Gwendolyn Brooks:A Sunset of the City Shashi Deshpande:That Long Silence  Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre Tony Morrison:Beloved Mary Wollstonecraft:A Vindication of the Rights of Women John Stuart Mill: The Subjection of Women Virginia Woolf:A Room of One’s Own OR European Literature in Translation – ENG – EL-4. 6 Sophocles:Oedipus the King Dostoevsky:Crime and Punishment Flaubert:Madam Bovary Kafka:â€Å"Metamorphosis† Alberto Moravia:The Woman of Rome Brecht:Mother Courage Baudelaire:Les Fleurs du mal (Flower of Evil) Rilke:The Sonnets to Orpheus No. X; The First Elegy (Duino Elegies); The Poet, Remembrance (from Collected Poems of Rainer Maria Rilke, Modern Library, New York). l

Large Parallel Processing Systems Architecture Essay

Today it would be seen as a parallel processing tile from which to construct big parallel treating systems. Transputer like architectures are now the average watercourse of parallel computer science. It was seen in many different ways, depending on the point of view and cognition of the individual sing it. Where Inmos started from when making the transputer was embodied in the name, derived from trans, intending across, with the postfix ‘puter, from computing machine. The thought was that applications were progressively affecting flows of informations instead than necessitating more structured activities on predefined sets of informations, as are characteristic of a â€Å" normal † computing machine. This was the thought that was making the digital signal processor ( DSP ) . But where a DSP takes informations in from a beginning, processes it, and passes it on, the transputer had four channels of bi-directional communicating, or links. That made it simple to construct a planar array, each transputer associating to four neighbours.IntroductionThe transputer was an advanced computing machine design of the 1980s from INMOS, a British semiconducting material company based in Bristol. Transputer was the first individual bit computing machine designed for message passing multipr ocessor systems.When the transputer was foremost reviled, many thought this exceeding construct should be the following revolution in microprocessor engineering. As you may already hold guessed, things did n't go on as expected: today, the transputer this interesting bit has mostly forgotten, but it is indispensable to compose about it on this paper.TRANSPUTER ARCHITECTURE:First coevals of them are 16 spot transputers: T212, T222, T225 ( The 212 ran at 20MHz both the T222 and T225 ran at 20MHz. ) ; 32 spot transputers without a drifting unit: T400, T414, T425, T426 ( the T414 was available in 15 and 20MHz assortments, T425 in 20, 25 and 30MHz assortments ) ; 32 spot transputers with a drifting unit: T800, T801, T805 ( the T805 was besides subsequently available as a 30MHz portion. All have the same direction sets, the same architecture and to the full compatible communications links. Second Generation 64 spot transputer with a drifting unit: T9000. Although the architecture is the s ame, it is a new design and is really more complex bit than its predecessors. All the transputers except T9000 has indistinguishable architecture. The internal coach connects the processor to local memory and to an external memory interface. The communicating links are connected to the coach by an interface. This makes it possible for the processor to work independent of the links. Depending on the type of transputer, the drifting point unit and other system services are besides connected to this coach. In figure1 T805 is the celebrated one. It consists of a conventional, RISC processor, a communicating subsystem, four Kb of on-chip RAM, four high-velocity inter-processor links and a memory interface, system services and a floating point. These functional units will briefly explains in the undermentioned subdivisions.The procedure:A procedure on the transputer is described by several pieces of information, such as workspace, registries, plan and precedence. Such a procedure does non hold to be a consecutive procedure but can besides dwell of several sub proced ures. The procedures on the transputer can be separated in two classs: Active procedures: is a procedure which is executed or which is waiting for the following to be executed. Inactive procedures: is a procedure which is suspended at specific clip or which is waiting for inter procedure communicating.2 Registers:â€Å" The transputer has a little figure of registries, a workspace registry ( Wreg ) , an direction arrow ( Iptr ) , an operand registry ( Oerg ) and a three registry rating stack ( Areg, Breg, and Creg ) † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.qa/books? id=zroYqxO9o3IC & A ; pg=PA16 & A ; lpg=PA16 & A ; dq=Instruction+pointer, operand+register, workspace+register & A ; source=bl & A ; ots=fiv2ktQmIW & A ; sig=AYGCR5W73DgjhP_TsIxyKS6HLkw & A ; hl=ar & A ; ei=IeIXS_jgIM2IkAXqo8TjAw & A ; sa=X & A ; oi=book_result & A ; ct=result & A ; resnum=5 & A ; ved=0CBwQ6AEwBA # v=onepage & A ; q=Instruction % 20pointer % 2Coperand % 20register % 2Cworkspace % 20register & A ; f=false ) . The registries Areg, Breg, Creg are used as a stack, instead like early reckoners, to keep intermediate consequences. The registries Areg, Breg and Creg form a stack. Every direction notionally pops off the stack the points that it is traveling to work on, so pushes its consequence back onto the stack. This stack agreement is what allows most of the instructions to hold no operands. The agreement is like some programmable reckoner linguistic communications ( though such linguistic communications are much more limited ) † hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cs.bris.ac.uk/~ian/transput/page3.htm, † . There is no protection against forcing excessively many values on the stack that it overflows. ( It is left to compilers and assembly codification authors. ) .These characteristics leads to simplified registry connexion, compact instructions, faster register entree. Iptr, Wreg, Oreg: These are called consecutive control registries: Direction arrow ( Iptr ) , holds the reference of the following direction. Workspace registry ( Wreg ) , holds the workspace arrow ( Wptr ) which is the reference an country of memory called the local workspace. Operand registry ( Oreg ) , holds the operand for the current direction. It ca n't be straight loaded from ( or stored in ) the informations portion of the memoryDirection Set:All the transputers have the same direction format.Instruction Fetch StateIn order to bring the direction to be executed following:Iptr must be selected to Input for the reference coach in which Iptr contains the reference for the following direction,memory must be selected to the beginning for the information coach since the reference to be executed following which is kept in Iptr must loaded on the reference coach,Ireg must be set to the end product finish for the information coach, andthe following reference of the micro-code ROM must be set to 0x001 to travel to the direction decode province.The specification is given in this province and is described in the micro-code ROM at reference 0x000..Direction Decode StateThe contents of four higher spots of Ireg or Oreg 32bit are used to stipulate the following direction to be done. The following reference of the micro-code ROM is so determined conditionally harmonizing to the direction decoded.Instruction Execution StateIf the direction to be executed is finished in one province passage, so the following province will be back to the Instruction Fetch. Alternatively if the direction needs other provinces to finish, so the following reference for the micro-code ROM is an appropriate 1 for the following province.Floating Point Unit of measurement:â€Å" It is about independent of the remainder of the bit. It has its ain internal registries, separate from the registries used by whole number operation.It execute instructions to execute drifting point arithmetic operation s, including platitude operation such as add-on or generation, and more complicated operations such as rating of some nonnatural maps like sine or logarithm † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.qa/books? id=I2TCERgkcCgC & A ; pg=PA304 & A ; lpg=PA304 & A ; dq=floating+point+unit+has+own+stack & A ; source=bl & A ; ots=cVSlbfR1Av & A ; sig=HdSpHb79OdVrp4QfRpkXyso-05I & A ; hl=ar & A ; ei=OFUZS5SuMM2TkAXbx4XfAw & A ; sa=X & A ; oi=book_result & A ; ct=result & A ; resnum=6 & A ; ved=0CCEQ6AEwBQ # v=onepage & A ; q=floating % 20point % 20unit % 20has % 20own % 20stack & A ; f=false ) . It has its ain development stack registries FAreg, FBreg, FCreg. There are 53 floating-point instructions. High degree programming linguistic communication to plan is strongly advised instead than assembly. It bases IEEE criterions for the natation point format, operations and consequences: For the 32 spot Numberss ; 1 spot for mark, 8 spot for advocate, 23 spot for fixed-point part. For the 64 spot Numberss ; 1 spot for mark, 11 spots for advocate, 52 spots for fixed-point part. It besides supports such consequences Inf ( space ) , NaN ( non a figure and non defined ) .Timers:â€Å" The transputer has two timers, one that gives a tick every microsecond and one that gives a tick every 64 microseconds ( for the 20 MHz T414 ) . This can be considered another incommodiousness because the two timers are associated with a degree of precedence. Low-priority procedures can non utilize the high-resolution timer. This means it can go on that processes run needlessly in high-priority, all because of the fact they have to utilize the high-resolution timer † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //74.125.153.132/search? q=cache: RID6_SK4ugEJ: www.science.uva.nl/~mes/psdocs/transputers.ps.gz+The+transputer+has+two+timers & A ; cd=6 & A ; hl=ar & A ; ct=clnk & A ; gl=qa, Transputer, Jacco de Leeuw Arjan de Mes, October 1992 ) .System Servicess:â€Å" On all INMOS board merchandises the term ‘system services ‘ refers to the aggregation of the reset, analyse, and mistake signals. On the IMS B008 the system services for the TRAM in slot 0 can be connected to either the UP system services from another board or the system services controlled by the Personal computer coach interface. System services for the other TRAMs can be connected to the same beginning as TRAM 0 or to the subsystem port of TRAM 0. As shown in the block diagram the Down and Subsystem services are brought out to the 37 manner D-type connection leting this hierachy to be extended to multi board systems † . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.classiccmp.org/transputer/documentation/inmos/1861.pdf ) Link: ( Communication between procedures on the transputer is performed by two instructions input message and end product message. The communicating which is supported is a point-to-point, unbuffered message-passing strategy. It therefore requires a handshaking between procedures, which synchronises them. Communications over these links are controlled by independent accountants, which have DMA entree to the transputers memory ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.qa/books? id=6HcBQ67-Fb4C & A ; pg=PA358 & A ; lpg=PA358 & A ; dq=The+INMOS+Link+ % 2BDMA & A ; source=bl & A ; ots=esMJ1tFuhv & A ; sig=7nu_kxm48ARMoIoerKLu4uMhVq8 & A ; hl=ar & A ; ei=kmAZS_GjAoqUkAWVpuDQAw & A ; sa=X & A ; oi=book_result & A ; ct=result & A ; resnum=3 & A ; ved=0CBUQ6AEwAg # v=onepage & A ; q=The % 20INMOS % 20Link % 20 % 2BDMA & A ; f=false ) . They are highly flexible and can be used for, interfacing with peripherals utilizing a nexus adapter, an ASIC ( Application specific integrated circuit ) bit can utilize a nexus to read and compose straight into a transputer memory at high velocity, most common to speak to another processor, normally anther transputer.Link CommunicationThe hardware connexion of links is simple, short distances. Linkss are consecutive port. if you see the figure for each nexus connexion merely two paths are required. In transputer the processor and four links have independent entree to the memory. The processor sets up a nexus and after that it freedom to put to death other codification while dedicated nexus logic handles the communicating. All these four links can be outputting and inputting while the processor is running codification. Of class there may a job with bandwidth when processor and all links entree memory at the same clip. Because the links designed the transputer do non necessitate to be synchronized in order to speak each other.T9000 Second Coevals:â€Å" The T9000 is the latest coevals of Transputers from INMOS. It represents an betterment on the bing coevals of transputer merchandises in both capableness and public presentation. The T9000 extends the transputer architecture in a figure of ways. The most of import of these is that the T9000 transputer decouples the physical connec-tivity of a system from its logical connectivity. Between any two straight connected T9000 transputers. there may be established an about limitless figure of The T9000 nexus system besides enables transputers to be connected via a web of C104 package routers which allows practical channels to be established from any transputer to any figure of other transputers. Other extensions of the architec- ture include the sweetening of the procedure theoretical account to supply per-process mistake handling installations and the ability to run plans under memory manage- ment.The T9000 has approximately ten times the public presentation of a T805. This betterment derives from a assortment of beginnings including the usage of caching, betterments in semiconducting material engineering, and a extremely pipelined, superscalar processor † . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //74.125.153.132/search? q=cache: hxPXQT2PHZUJ: wotug.ukc.ac.uk/parallel/vendors/inmos/T9000/T9000.ps.Z+T9000+Transputer & A ; cd=3 & A ; hl=ar & A ; ct=clnk & A ; gl=qa, The, T9000 Transputer ) â€Å" It has a 32-bit pipelined processor with a 64-bit FPU and 16 Kbytes of cache. There are four bi-directional consecutive informations links and a Virtual Channel Processor ( VCP ) leting efficient T9000-to-T9000 communications. These constituents are combined onto a individual incorporate circuit † . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //hsi.web.cern.ch/HSI/dshs/publications/t9paper/T9paper_3.html, 09 NOV 95, The Application of the T9000 Transputer to the CPLEAR experiment at CERN ) Figures:Decision:Mentions:Transputer Application, M.Jane et. , Eds. IOS Press,1992hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articlesbase.com/hardware-articles/do-you-know-what-a-transputer-is-305058.html, Do you Know What a Transputer Is? Jan 15th, 2008, Jos Kirpsttp: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transputer # T2: _16-bithypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.qa/books? id=zroYqxO9o3IC & A ; pg=PA16 & A ; lpg=PA16 & A ; dq=Instruction+pointer, operand+register, workspace+register & A ; source=bl & A ; ots=fiv2ktQmIW & A ; sig=AYGCR5W73DgjhP_TsIxyKS6HLkw & A ; hl=ar & A ; ei=IeIXS_jgIM2IkAXqo8TjAw & A ; sa=X & A ; oi=book_result & A ; ct=result & A ; resnum=5 & A ; ved=0CBwQ6AEwBA # v=onepage & A ; q=Instruction % 20pointer % 2Coperand % 20register % 2Cworkspace % 20register & A ; f=false